(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Bredow, R.; Kamiński, M.
A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the
research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article,
so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the
author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they
must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
