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Pozycja Balancing the Quality of Public Good within the Dynamics of Urban Form. Experiences from the redevelopment of residential areas in Bulgaria(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zlatinova-Pavlova VenetaThe escalating speed of economic and technological development since the beginning of the 21st century is evident in the transformations of urban form and tissue worldwide taking the forms of both land-take and densification. The drivers behind these processes in Bulgaria have been the dynamics of political and economic contexts and the rearrangements of the legal framework since the fall of the Iron curtain. Being one of the most significant changes in spatial planning, the reframed balance between public and private has dominated the redevelopment and restructuring of urban tissue in Bulgaria for the last three decades. This paper relates the quality of public good in residential areas to their morphological characteristics through a diachronic comparative study of the development of two generic forms of residential areas in Bulgaria – the traditional housing neighbourhoods from the first half of the 20th century and the mass housing residential areas, called complexes, from the second half. It reflects on the morphological and structural changes from the perspective of quality of living and public good and evaluates the flexibility and adaptability of the typologies. It finally outlines the key relations between national context and city management that shape the streetscapes of the neighbourhoods.Pozycja Discussion on the effect of topographic barrier on the morphology of Chinese mountainous cities: an example of Southwest China(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhuoyuan Sun; Yong HuangChina is a mountainous country and mountains account for 69% of the country’s land area. Therefore, relevant scholars believe that the second half of Chinese development with high quality urbanization is in the mountainous region. Topographic barrier in this mountainous district have been produced unique morphology of mountainous cities which also have negative impacts such as excessive construction costs and information blocking. So we take mountainous cities in south-western region which own the most mountainous cities in China, as the research object to analysis how to achieve high-quality development with mountainous region in China. Firstly, we summarize the types of topographic barrier such as horizontal cutting, vertical limitation and integrated guidance to form four morphological types of mountainous cities including clump, ribbon, radial and group over time by figure-to-bottom relationship and typological analysis. Then this interweaving of natural and artificial built environment forms a generalized spatiotemporal evolution model of mountainous cities. Finally, this evolutionary process has also formed spatial effects of different scales from region, urban and block perspective, respectively. Therefore, this article expects to introduce a Chinese unique mountainous urban space, providing a reference for development of mountainous cities in other countries.Pozycja Spatial analysis and protection of traditional villages based on spatial syntax: A case study of Linlue Village of the Dong ethnic group in Sanjiang, Guangxi(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhuo Xingyu; Hu Yushan; Yang LiAfter a long period of accumulation of agricultural society, traditional villages have bred unique material space and cultural connotations. As a typical representative of traditional villages, Dong villages have unique geographical location and rich material and cultural characteristics, and their spatial protection and cultural inheritance have far-reaching significance and value. Affected by the current urbanization construction, traditional villages have suffered different degrees of destruction. As a representation of the social culture of the village, the protection of the material space greatly affects the development and inheritance of the village. In this paper, spatial syntax is used to quantitatively analyse the spatial morphology of Linlue Village from the aspects of village integration, connection value, control value, and comprehensibility, and summarize the characteristics of its spatial form and the internal spatial characteristics of village buildings. It is concluded that its spatial development lacks planning and capital intervention is excessive and it is necessary to balance the contradiction between social development and physical space through systematic planning from space to management. Through the analysis of the village space, the article provides a reasonable spatial optimization plan in order to better protect the material space of the village and better inherit the traditional culture.Pozycja Isochronal 3D-station realm model and Multi-data based urban renovation strategies in TOD development – a case in Heifei, China(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhu Yuan; Wang HaoWith the development of TOD in China, the TOD based urban planning is becoming one of the most important layer during the comprehensive urban design and development. To increase the value of existing urban land effectively by increasing the flow of people and integrate the scattered and inefficient land for future efficient usage, it gradually formed the strategies of transit oriented urban renewal and development. With the support of multi-dimensional data, this study takes Hefei Feixi Station as an example to introduce urban renovation strategies based on 3D-station realm layer data, Redundancy data, Accessibility data and integration data.Pozycja Interpreting urban voids as the morphological reading tool of Historic Urban Landscape: The case study of former British concession in Tientsin(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhao Dongqi; Pezzetti LauraFollowing the extended cognition of historical urban landscape, former concession areas are considered particular zones with certain historic and artistic values and undergo a tremendous conservative change. Current economic service-oriented transformation raised the issue of environmental rupture, gentrification and the decline of landscape diversity. Giving a glance at the variety of urban voids, this study analyses the neglected formation process of parks, boulevards, plazas as well as the Hang-Dao, and their morphological characteristic through history, integrates them into the general urban construction process meanwhile clarifies their dominating role in historic urban landscape image. Take the whole British concession area of Tientsin in modern time as the target, use historic maps as a discussion base, superimpose historical images and textual information to sort out continuous evolution and formative identities of urban voids. The results reflect in synthesis diagrams of urban void system which are constituted by a dominated crossing-axis and a hierarchical layering grid pattern in two morphological regions. These formative schemes could be further elaborated into conservation planning strategies for historical urban landscape.Pozycja The dialogues in the regeneration of metropolitan heritage conservation areas: Case of Pingjiang Area, Suzhou(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhang Suxin; Jachna Joseph Timothy; Ma YuanhongIn 2014, the Chinese Central Government earmarked fourteen Chinese cities with ‘red lines’, preventing further urban expansion. Listed as national famous historical and cultural cities in China, each of these fourteen cities contains run-down areas in its urban centre. The regeneration of heritage conservation areas (HCA) is a growing trend for future urban development, involving specific protection strategies and spatial requirements. The majority of such regeneration projects entail incentives driven by local governments. Linked to this, since the 1980s, urban governance has transformed from managerialism to more entrepreneurial practices. This transformation facilitates multi-stakeholder engagement in regeneration projects, and in particular, emphasising community engagement as a tool to assist with the transference of cultural values and the further promotion of sustainable development. By examining morphological conditions and spatial parameters of the Pingjiang Area of Suzhou, this paper aims to explicate the realisation of multi-stakeholder collaboration in the regeneration process of Chinese metropolitan heritage conservation areas. The discussion outlines spatial frameworks specific to collaboration-oriented regeneration projects and the morphological tools needed to implement regeneration strategies. Conclusions analyse the appropriation and morphological tools associated with regeneration projects, drawing points to future research into urban morphology and city identity.Pozycja The Types and Distribution of Urban Image ‘Composite Pattern’ – An Empirical Study based on Qingdao, China(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhang Nan; Huang Qilin; Jiang Zhengliang; Li SaiKevin Lynch proposed the concept of the ‘Urban Image’ and its five elements based on the ‘mental picture’. However, the real urban scenes are often rather different from the abstraction of the urban image in people's minds. In the real urban scene, usually, there will be a combination of two or more ‘urban image’ elements, such as the Landmark company with the Node, the Path also act as the Edges which combine the Nodes or the Landmarks to contribute rhythm and decoration. Significantly, the patterns of urban image composition are specific, not random. This paper will discuss the patterns of ‘urban image’ composition, its types and distribution in a certain historical city. Based on the image survey of the ‘European district’ (built by German colonists, 1897–1914) in Qingdao, China, the paper empirically constructs the system of urban image ‘Composite Pattern’ and statistical of certain pattern types with the highest frequency. Meanwhile, inspired by the ‘picturesque theory’ (Gordon Cullen) which emphasizes a series of viewpoints, continuous images, and the structured ‘mental landscape’, the paper makes an investigation on the connection and switching of the adjacent Composite Patterns, to find out the distribution laws of various ‘Patterns’ in urban space. Revealing the laws of urban image structure, which benefit to get a better understanding of the value elements and landscape organization with the historical cities. Compared with the ‘urban image (Lynch)’ of the mental picture, the actual urban scene is more vivid and has a richer ‘sense of design’, and its related research will also provide a more direct reference for urban design.Pozycja Changes in the landscape pattern of the north bank of Xiyuan based on drawing archives (1669–1980)(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhang NanThe gardens of Beijing's Xiyuan have received widespread attention since the 1930s during the period of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture. Based on five drawings from 1669, 1750, 1759, 1874 and 1936, combined with the latest laser scanning point cloud model, this paper compiles and compares the landscape relationship, architectural layout and dimensions of individual buildings of the group over time. While sorting out the changes of the north bank of the Xiyuan, analysed the different garden design concept and pointed out that the precious value about the Xiyuan case is that each new construction and reconstruction is based on a large scale urban pattern and a small scale architectural modulus relationship, with a very clear design concept. At the same time, through the comparison of drawing methods and expressions of different periods, and discuss the functions and meanings of drawings for the recording and presentation of landscape architecture in different technical contexts. At the level of Architecture Survey, promote the elaborate documentation of this important group of historical gardens and at the methodological level, by combining pictorial and historical documentary analysis increase the inter-evidence relationship between the three types of research materials: physical, textual and pictorial.Pozycja Political reform and the form of the city – Reading through the adoption of modern planning in Tehran using space syntax(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhand SepehrWith the discovery of abundant oil resources and the bold agenda of the former monarch of Iran, a rigid and ambitious political reform was introduced in the country. Adopting a western way of economic development, these political reforms sought to not only change the social arrangement in the country but also change the way the country was looked upon. This set path for a series of radical and quick changes in the way everyday life of the city dwellers was facing. Given the importance of the industrialization in these political reforms and moving away from a labour-intensive economy, top-down modern master-planning changed the way the cities were thought of and in turn the way they meant to be serving the political agenda. In time for the rise of the modern methods of material production and vehicular-based strategic planning, the capital city of Tehran became the most prominent subject to these changes in terms of patterns of development and settlement schemes. Through a conversation between the planning and policy-making documents and a quantitative analysis of the built city, this research seeks to ask how the change in the political agenda and the approach in city making logic shapes the modern metropolitan area of Tehran and what are the fundamental differences between the process of growth in the built environment before and after the implementation of these changes. The analysis here shows that the fundamental change in the city of Tehran happened after the WWII that a series of development policies changed the logic of city making, and in turn the way the city grew and functioned afterwards.Pozycja Social determinants behind water towns in Pearl River Delta, China whose historical tissues survive the impact of industrialization: Take three towns within the Sangyuanwei world heritage irrigation structures as examples(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zeng Yue; Yuan QifengLocated in Foshan, Guangdong Province, China, which was awarded the world heritage irrigation structures in 2020, the Sangyuanwei polder embankment system has a history of more than 900 years and mainly consists of Xiqiao, Jiujiang and Longjiang three towns. Similar to other town in Pearl River Delta, these three also suffer from the onslaught of industrialization, but have maintain a relatively large number of historical tissues while keeping rapid economic development. This area is the largest and best-preserved dike-pond area in Pearl River Delta. Currently, there is considerable literature on the morphological characteristics of water towns in the agricultural era in Pearl River Delta, but little research has been done on that under the influence of industrialization. Meanwhile, most existing studies only focus on villages, with little mention of townships, which is actually an important content of urban morphology studies.