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Stały URI dla kolekcjihttp://hdl.handle.net/11652/5022

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The Causes and Consequences of School Closures in Inner-City Calgary
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Sandalack A. Beverly
During the early decades of the 2000s, eleven schools closed in Calgary’s established neighbourhoods, due to declining enrolment or outdated infrastructure. The loss of a school is often devastating to a community and can lead to further population decline. A research project was commissioned by the government to investigate the causes and consequences of school closures and to make recommendations, particularly related to urban form, to address the issues. Analysis of the 500 sq km study area included historic evolution of urban form, schools mapping and data analysis, development of a typology of school buildings and grounds, mapping of school inter-relationships and closures, review of school board practices and policies, and precedent studies. A case study of the catchment area of one high school included historic evolution of urban form factors, mapping of the network of feeder schools, analysis of neighbourhood and schools socio-demographics, and a review of school program changes. The causes of school closures relate to a combination of city development processes, neighbourhood lifecycles, neighbourhood types, infill and densification processes, housing types, school sizes and building types, socio-demographic factors influencing school choice, and school board policies, and the consequences affect neighbourhoods and communities.
Gender Walks in the City: An Exploratory Study on Gender-Responsive Urban Planning
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Jin Jiayi; Bertolino Nadia; Huang Kexin
This research investigates gender walks as a possible method for knowledge-gathering in urban planning and design processes. It is positioned within the field of gender-sensitive design, which aims to tackle gender inequalities in cities. This project ascertains the complexity of intersectional gender-aware design and therefore looks to utilise the potential of walking – in its simplicity and effectiveness – as a responding strategy. A comparison of three existing exploratory walk practices and insights gained from these walks outlines the criteria for the initial design of our walking audit method. The potential and limitations are tested through its implementation, the analysis of the findings and the development of design responses with participants. The theoretical knowledge gained on gender-aware planning and the complexity of the issue from both urban design and sociological perspectives provide support and critique for the ongoing City Centre Transformation Programme, to optimise public spaces for women’s inclusion, safety and enjoyment.
Morphological regionalization for the urban renovation agenda in Daegu, South Korea
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Gohaud Emilien; Schuetze Thorsten
Following the maturation of Korean cities, urban renovation has become the primary concern of urban policies. Large wholesale redevelopments continue to address decay from a purely physical point of view. In contrast, new area-based urban regeneration projects propose a more delicate and holistic approach to addressing urban decline. The designation of redevelopment or regeneration project areas is not based on the presence of specific urban forms but primarily on technical and economic prospects. As a result, the urban tissue is increasingly losing its structure and coherence. To better connect urban renovation with urban form, it is necessary to identify the various urban fabrics composing large cities such as Daegu. This research executed a large-scale morphological regionalization analysis for the central Daegu city area, based on analysing and evaluating mapping results based on two mapping methods: mixed morphogenetic mapping and morphogenetic mapping. The research results unveil that the urban renovation processes in Daegu lead to the overall consolidation of large apartment complex areas. In contrast, the fine grain urban fabrics that still cover the largest share of the urbanized area are increasingly fragmented. The proposed regionalization is the base for new urban renovation strategy propositions.
The paradox of empty apartments and huge daily commuting in Ljubljana: Failures of the urban management
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Josipovič Damir
Ljubljana as the capital city of Slovenia counts among smaller European capitals. With its population around 300.000 it yet represents a myriad of urban landscapes. The break-up of Yugoslavia radically changed the city population. Suburbanisation and deurbanisation resulted in the degrading city centre where already low-income population resided. Denationalization process shook the real estate market pushing thousands of users of ‘social flats’ into rent of newly formed quasi elite which participated in privatisation of public apartments. High rents drove the residents out and allowed for rebuilding or construction of villa-blocks. These reappropriations had a massive effect primarily on the loss of one sixth of urban population by 2000 and 25,000 uninhabited homes in the city centre. It is hypothesised that the cartel networks and the administrative apparatus use the urban planning as a tool of raising prices in order to gain more affluent population. We concluded that this idea failed. Most of the population live in their own apartments, while rented premises are settled mainly by lower income population with a high share of immigrants. The ecological and economic problem of daily commuters could be solved with an active urban policy of using the huge assets of empty apartments.
Community regeneration performance assessment based on social network analysis – Taking Jialingqiao Xicun Community, Chongqing Municipality for example
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Pang Simai; Yan Bo
Restricted by the times and economic conditions, public spaces of old communities have problems, such as low utilization and uneven resource distribution. Because of these problems, resident activities and communication are limited and residents lack the sense of belonging to the community. This necessitates the establishment of activity spaces suitable for community communication through the regeneration of old communities. Activity spaces of this kind can help re-establish residents’ social connections. This paper aims at assessing the efficacy of residential area regeneration. Social network analysis is used to build the community public space network and the resident daily behavior and activity network, respectively. Meanwhile, the aforesaid two networks are comparatively analyzed from the perspective of the network structure and influence of node, and considering four parameters (density, small world density, node betweenness centrality, and structural hole) as well as its derivative indexes. Taking existing communities for a case analysis, this paper quantitatively assesses and compares the public spaces of these communities, finding that the inconsistency between the public space network and the resident activity network is attributable to elements, such as quality of space, space accessibility and node combination. On that basis, strategies for optimization of spatial design are proposed.
Morphological Investigation of the Urban Form of Qom (Iran) at the Micro-scale: Spatial Distribution of Streets and Activities
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zamani Vahid; Mohammadi Mahmoud; Ghalehnoee Mahmoud
Streets function as the interaction space for two systems of movement and activity. Street layout has influence on both distribution pattern of commercial/service (CS) activities and motorized/pedestrian traffic pattern and vice versa. Qom, a city located in central Iran with a long history of civilization, is characterised by a diverse typology of urban form and accordingly, different kinds of movement-activity patterns in the historic, middle and peripheral areas as the result of morphological, economic and social drivers. To take a step towards recognizing the patterns, this paper aims at rigorously explaining the relationship between the structural features of street layout and CS activity presence in Qom at the micro-scale, i.e. street segments, of the centralised zones through adopting a quantitative approach. After identifying ten morphologically-homogenous high-centralised superblocks – called local morphological zones (LMZs) –regarding street network centrality index of local closeness (LCNC) using Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA), thedistribution of layout/activity elements alongside the street segments (weighted by LCNC) are investigated using Lorenz curve.Then, the distribution density datasets of layout/activity elements are modelled using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) andanalysed by raster comparison techniques. The findings show that the linear distribution of the CS activities alongside the streetnetwork shows more relationship with LCNC rather than the street nodes. Concerning the areal distribution, the highest spatialcorrelation is found between the street nodes, i.e. three-ways and dead-ends and street segments (weighted by LCNC);furthermore, regarding street pattern, a typical historic fabric of Qom is a high-centralised area characterised by high proportionof three-ways and dead-ends, but, by low proportion of four-ways. The results are applicable in achieving the goals ofcommunity planning.
Impacts of daily supply on the layout of small commercial outlets in old communities: A Case Study of Shapingba street, Chongqing, China
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Yang Li; Hu Yushan
It is of great significance to study the spatial layout of small businesses for improving the basic security of residents' lives. As the main supplier of daily necessities for residents in old communities lacking large-scale commercial construction conditions, small businesses play an important role. Based on the data collected by questionnaires and interviews, the small business layout network based on the supply-demand relationship is obtained. The structural characteristics are analysed and the small business communities are divided. According to the small business service radius, the small business community in theory is divided and the planning optimization suggestions are put forward in combination with the actual situation. The data analysis shows that the layout of small businesses is closely related to the layout of residential areas but not closely related to the layout of purchase points, which is caused by the purchase mode of small businesses. Through the analysis of coupling characteristics, the study considers that small businesses provide a large number of daily necessities in the community. It is suggested that the layout of small businesses should be considered in the planning of public facilities and targeted space optimization strategies should be taken in different communities.
Scale and composition, a strategy of redeveloping the historic area in Shanghai Old Town
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Xuanbing Yang
The old town of Shanghai is the cradle of Shanghai city and still at the centre of the grand urban pattern. Being an important historical and cultural area, together with its surrounding district formed the core of the city's economy, public activity and culture. The renewal of the old town will also be a crucial component of the establishment of Shanghai as a distinct global city which combines difficulties from all aspect of the economic sustainability and cultural feature and no longer can be avoided in the following development. Complicated and specific issues could be located in the renovation and design of the old town. And this study mainly hopes to discuss the realization of the cultural feature and the urban fabric in the process of redevelopment, focusing a certain area of the old town. The area selected was the block between Wangyun Road and middle Henan Road, in the centre of the old town, which significantly influenced the continuity of the urban fabric, as the object of the research. Through detailed mapping and field visits, we explored the variegated and spontaneous spatial characteristics of the town’s fabric and the unique local humanistic structure reflected in between. Searching for a way to achieve the integral development and cultural continuity in the context of local urban renewal. Through research, we found that in the old town of Shanghai which has the characteristics of Jiangnan water town landscape and Lilong Shikumen residence, scale and composition are important factors for understanding the spatial and humanistic structure of this area, corresponding to the richness of morphological texture and the anfractuous spatial network. On this basis, attempt to propose a method of typifying different scales and combinations, thus, achieve the goal of guiding the following practice of the local urban redevelopment.
On the Search for Transparency between Contemporary Design and the History of the Place
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Beltran-Borràs Júlia
The principal aim of this paper is to analyse the urban form, the buildings and the system of open spaces of a city in Spain, Morella, in the present, looking back to understand the meaning of things, and to show, using examples, that history, as context or precedent, over different periods of time, has always been a design tool. History allowed architects to find a balance between permanence and change in changing a place and offering users a ‘new’ place in which memories and hope can converge. To explain the transparency between architectural design and history, the city was analysed through drawings, historical paintings, ethnographic reports, and in current and ancient maps. The result is a longitudinal study of Morella that brings together: morphological configuration studies, the poetic act of design and, finally, the social use of space. The text shows how architects, as historians who read the built environment, and history, as a source material for architectural practice, make the dialogic relationship between contemporary design and the history of the place transparent.
Taxonomy of contemporary urban forms in France: Towards an Urban Atlas through Multiple Fabric Assessment
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Fusco Giovanni; Araldi Alessandro; Emsellem David; Overal Denis
Bridging southern and northern Europe, France presents very diversified urban landscapes, combining vernacular cores, modernist developments, sprawling suburbia and very specific exurbs. Traditional urban and rural landscapes weredifferent among French cultural regions, whereas more recent ones are apparently more homogeneous throughout the country. Research in urban morphology and heritage conservation produced considerable knowledge about French traditional urban forms. On the contrary, attention to more recent forms and non-residential areas, as well as to their contributionto contemporary French cityscapes is more recent. The identification and characterisation of France’s urban fabricsand morphological regionalization of French cities remained for long a complex task, traditionally based on in-depth assessments, restricted to specific historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. Recent advancements in morphometric analysis propose innovative computer-aided protocols overcoming these limits. Among them, Multiple Fabric Assessment is a Bayesian streetscape-based urban morphometric protocol for morphological regionalization. First presented at ISUF2017, MFA has already been applied to several urban areas with diverse sociocultural contexts and geographical scales. MFA has been further developed and upscaled to analyse and compare wider study areas. The paper presents its implementation for four metropolitan areas of France, around the cities of Lyon, Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing and Nice-Cannes-Antibes, allowing a multiscale comparative analysis of French urban forms. A shared taxonomy of urban fabric types (morphotypes) for the different case studies is proposed. The outcome of these analyses is a first contribution to a national atlas of morphologically regionalized metropolitan areas.
Study on Clustering of Urban Morphology Control Units Based on Risk Theory
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Ge Xuan; Wang Guoguang; Zhang Shifu
With the increasing threat of new types of risks from global climate change, the ‘uncertainty’ emphasized by the risk theory has become the most urgent problem to be faced in modern urban planning and governance. As the main element of the basic structure of the city, the urban morphology control unit should reflect the sensitivity, vulnerability and resilience of the city to deal with new types of risks, but the analysis on this issue needs to be further improved. This study selects Guangzhou, China as the case study city, with reference mainly to the risk society theory and risk city theory derived from the former one, trying to start from the three aspects of social group attributes, renewable energy application potential and ecological water storage potential, to classify and analyse ‘risk-based’ Guangzhou urban morphology control units. The results show that the Guangzhou urban morphology control units could be clustered into two types from social group aspect and five types from clean and recycled technology aspect, thus providing targeted advices. This study helps enrich the connotation and practical value of urban morphology theory.
Revitalisation of urban infrastructural and industrial facilities for the function of urban agriculture – examples of good practice
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Kleszcz Justyna
Since the 1960s, people have been looking for new solutions to produce food directly in urban areas. The need of reducing distance between where food is grown and where it is consumed, and to intensify cultivation in order to feed rapidly growing world population, were the main reasons for the concept. This resulted, among others, in the emergence of concept of urban vertical and roof farming but also in a turn towards the historical form of allotment gardens. One of the latest global trends, initiated around 2010, is a shift towards using roof space of existing buildings with different primary functions to introduce integrated rooftop farming as open-air (RTF) or greenhouse (iRTF). Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyse good design practices focused on converting different types of industrial facilities into urban farms of the North American networks Gotham Greens and Lufa Farms. A total of 12 existing buildings were analysed. The study adopted method of literature analysis, case study concluded with comparative analysis of the detailed data collection. The following research has made it possible to identify specific features of buildings which, due to their technical parameters, are predestined to be transformed into multifunctional RTFs. Catalogue of spatial activities that these historical objects undergo in order to be arranged for an atypical both industrial and agricultural function was also compiled.
ISUF vs. HERSUS Glossary: Correlating Urban Morphology to Heritage Awareness and Sustainability of Built Environment
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Djokić Vladan; Milojević Milica P.; Milovanović Aleksandra; Djordjević Aleksandra; Pešić Mladen
This paper builds on the intellectual outputs of the project titled Enhancing of Heritage Awareness and Sustainability of Built Environment in Architectural and Urban Design Higher Education (HERSUS), coordinated by the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture as a leading higher education institution, with partner institutions from Venice, Cyprus, Thessaloniki and Seville. The focus of the paper is in mapping the index of concepts between ISUF Glossary and the glossary produced within HERSUS project, that will enable the comparison of the discourse in Heritage and Sustainability with the discourse of Morphological Research. The purpose of this paper is to see through the comparison of the terms from both glossaries and hence contribute to the discussion of terminology, specifically regarding RE-terms (reuse, resilience, reconstruction), that were initially set as guiding tracks of the HERSUS project. The conclusions related to the interlink between ISUF and HERSUS glossaries will be perceived as important input for tag matrix upgrade, future use of HERSUS Sharing platform (open repository of ideas), that could strengthen the role of morphological approaches in research and in architectural and urban design projects related to heritage awareness and sustainability of built environment.
To solve the problem of low utilization of space under viaduct by sharing strategy
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Xia Xuefei
Urban streets have undergone three major transformations in the last 350 years, corresponding to three characteristics: visual aesthetics and development, transportation infrastructure and efficiency, shared streets. Many of the city's basic elements like rivers, streets, viaducts play a crucial role in the city. The convergence of elements gives the site its uniqueness and shapes the living behaviour of its occupants. As a common urban element in the city, viaduct has a great influence on the urban spatial form. However, the space under the viaduct in China is lack of effective use and reasonable planning and difficult to pass efficiently. This paper will analyse and summarise the adaptive renewal design of the space under the viaduct based on the urban morphological characteristics, aiming at the water landscape and space idle problems of the space under the viaduct at the intersection of Siping Road and Zhongshan North Second Road in Shanghai. Based on the time-segment investigation and analysis of the space under viaduct at the intersection of Siping Road and Zhongshan North Second Road in Shanghai, various cases of space renewal under viaduct in foreign countries are specifically analysed for different problems and the activation direction and sharing strategy suitable for the characteristics of urban space in China are summarized by using typology method. The corresponding sharing strategies are concluded from the perspectives of transportation sharing, landscape sharing, activity sharing and space sharing. The sharing tendency under the influence of different urban elements will also be summarized. Based on the existing practical experience and field research, this paper summarizes the space under the viaduct under the influence of different urban elements and proposes several feasible and easy to promote teaching strategies to contribute to the shared renewal of urban street space under the viaduct.
On the relationship between urban form and amenities: A new perspective from Qom (Iran)
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Venerandi Alessandro; Zamani Vahid; Porta Sergio
Amenities are fundamental for urban life as they promote socio-economic interactions and enhance city dynamics. Previous studies investigated the relationship between metrics of street network centrality and urban amenities. However, they hardly focused on further aspects of the built environment. A further drawback is that relationships were mainly assessed through linear models even though more complex and non-linear relationships plausibly exist. In this work, we, first, comprehensively describe the urban form of our case study, the city of Qom (Iran), through a set of 55 morphometrics computed at the plot level; second, we investigate the relationship between these metrics and density of amenities, through a set of machine learning techniques that handle non-linear behaviours. The best model explains up to 45% of the variance of the density measure, with coverage ratio, plot size, floor area ratio, street canyon width, and betweenness centrality being the top five explanatory factors. While the findings of this work do not have universal value, the methodology can be replicated to explore the same research question in different contexts. It can also be used as an evidence-based tool to inform design choices in urban redevelopment affecting the location of amenities in cities.
‘Floating Island’ and ‘Veranda’: Sharing Media in Urban Shanshui
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Lu Tingying; Wang Yanchu
In contemporary high-density urban environments, waterfront views are extremely valuable. As an important section of the ‘ Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek’ strategic plan, the southern section of Yangpu Riverside in Shanghai is facing the challenges of reconstruction in terms of scale, function, landscape and vitality. This study abstracts the elements of two shared media, ‘floating island’ and ‘veranda’ from traditional gardens. The medium system of ‘floating island + veranda’ is expressed in different scales and different heights. The four elements of ‘floating island’ include bottom with blurred edges, mixed function and crowd, porous middle facade and undulating roof. The four elements of ‘veranda’ include continuous urban interface, raised ground, vertical sharing space and view corridor overlooking the landscape. These elements are embodied in the exemplary design proposal of the Yangpu Riverside Shared Apartment. In the process of combined reconstruction from micro to macro and bottom to top, we should fully consider the height change of people's viewpoints, and flexibly use the opposite scenery, obstructing scenery and expanding urban corridors, so as to seek a contemporary interpretation of traditional landscape intentions. This paper is subsidized by NSFC project which is named as ‘Research on Time and Space Elements and Expression System of ‘Sharing Architecture’, NO.51978468.
Spatial analysis and protection of traditional villages based on spatial syntax: A case study of Linlue Village of the Dong ethnic group in Sanjiang, Guangxi
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhuo Xingyu; Hu Yushan; Yang Li
After a long period of accumulation of agricultural society, traditional villages have bred unique material space and cultural connotations. As a typical representative of traditional villages, Dong villages have unique geographical location and rich material and cultural characteristics, and their spatial protection and cultural inheritance have far-reaching significance and value. Affected by the current urbanization construction, traditional villages have suffered different degrees of destruction. As a representation of the social culture of the village, the protection of the material space greatly affects the development and inheritance of the village. In this paper, spatial syntax is used to quantitatively analyse the spatial morphology of Linlue Village from the aspects of village integration, connection value, control value, and comprehensibility, and summarize the characteristics of its spatial form and the internal spatial characteristics of village buildings. It is concluded that its spatial development lacks planning and capital intervention is excessive and it is necessary to balance the contradiction between social development and physical space through systematic planning from space to management. Through the analysis of the village space, the article provides a reasonable spatial optimization plan in order to better protect the material space of the village and better inherit the traditional culture.
‘Redevelopment’ from low-rise collective housing to free-market-driven towers: Neighborhood-scale urban morphology in Ulaanbaatar
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Sukhbaatar Amgalan; Togtokhbayar Munkh-Erdene
Due to the relatively short urbanization history of Ulaanbaatar, urban redevelopment projects are still rare; rather, most of the developments are taking place in the form of urban sprawl in the periphery and infill developments in built-up neighborhoods connected to the central infrastructure system. An evident example among these few redevelopment projects is the redevelopment of Nekhmeliin Shar, a residential neighborhood that was originally built for factory workers in 1956. During the post-socialist transition in the 1990s, the closure of factories and the economic downturn led to the loss of jobs and incomes and the deterioration of housing estates. Since the economy improved slightly in the 2010s, a housing estate redevelopment project has been launched in the neighborhood. As the project has been implemented over the last decade, it has led residents as well as professionals to reconsider the consequences of a redevelopment project. How do former and newly arrived residents adapt to the increasing density? How do stakeholders see the transformation? What methods could support the urban morphological research to study the impacts of neighborhood transformation? This paper uses a multidisciplinary approach to answer all these questions; and discusses how the redevelopment process has changed the current housing estates in Ulaanbaatar as an example of the vertical urbanization trend in Asian cities. In addition, it highlights the key considerations in public and professionals ’views for the future. We used a wide range of data including maps, drawings, photographs, ethnographic interviews and a remote sensing dataset using satellite imageries collected from Google Earth Pro software for the urban morphological analysis. The key findings reveal that, under the guise of ‘redevelopment’ and ambiguity in planning, implementation and control systems, the free market-driven redevelopment projects reinforce not only density, but also more complexity in spatial organization and everyday life.
Revitalization of Brownfields in Russian and Baltic Cities: Comparing Interaction Models between Stakeholders in Development Projects
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Nekrasova Ekaterina
The post-socialist countries since the 1990s had to face both the transformational crisis towards free-market economy and the deindustrialization. It was accompanied by a large-scale closure of inefficient industries and resulted in a significant number of brownfields. Planning redevelopment projects of such post-industrial areas can be manifested in various forms of interaction between stakeholders. However, there has not been sufficient research that would attempt to identify models of stakeholder interaction in the planning stage of brownfield redevelopment projects. This paper is aimed at identifying and comparing stakeholder interaction models at the planning stage of redevelopment projects of former urban industrial areas in post-socialist countries, namely in Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian and Russian cities. It is accomplished by comparing redevelopment contexts in these countries, and then exploring redevelopment cases of industrial territories in Baltic and Russian cities. Qualitative comparative analysis is based on case comparison by the ownership structure, redevelopment initiators, number of participating stakeholders, their type based on their involvement in the project, and funding model. Based on that, general approaches to the redevelopment of post-industrial areas and specific models of stakeholder interaction in the Baltic and Russian cities are identified and compared.
Urban segregation of London social housing estates: Measuring access to the city and the question of regeneration
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Utzig Lukas; Karimi Kayvan
While London is currently experiencing an acute shortage in affordable housing, local authorities are selling existing council estates for private redevelopment. This practice is often explained with the notion of failure of certain buildings, such as the Robin Hood gardens estate which went on to be partly demolished in 2017. At the same time increasing evidence has been gathered, which shows that social, walkable streets and neighbourhood amenities are especially important to economically vulnerable groups as they provide the basis for local communities that act as social support networks through childcare, informal employment, or housing. However, it is often these groups that are most affected by segregation through the urban form of the neighbourhood and limited access to the wider city. Research into segregated communities by Legeby, among others, suggests that a simple regeneration of the buildings themselves does not tackle the underlying problem of social urban resource distribution. This research will investigate the relation of urban form to the potential of pedestrian activity and distribution of neighbourhood resources for four high-rise council housing estates in London. An innovative workflow combines space syntax measures with Gravity accessibility, including the access to amenities such as shops and restaurants via the street network. The findings suggest that access to the resources the city provides, including access to urban co-presence, is very unequally distributed between the four case studies. It is also shown to what degree some urban form is creating obstacles and how it can be measured and compared. Improving opportunities through urban form in the neighbourhood may be an alternative to demolition of the buildings. Quantifying these inequalities offers a more nuanced debate about social housing redevelopment and a pathway for sustainable improvement.