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Stały URI dla kolekcjihttp://hdl.handle.net/11652/5022

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The Causes and Consequences of School Closures in Inner-City Calgary
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Sandalack A. Beverly
During the early decades of the 2000s, eleven schools closed in Calgary’s established neighbourhoods, due to declining enrolment or outdated infrastructure. The loss of a school is often devastating to a community and can lead to further population decline. A research project was commissioned by the government to investigate the causes and consequences of school closures and to make recommendations, particularly related to urban form, to address the issues. Analysis of the 500 sq km study area included historic evolution of urban form, schools mapping and data analysis, development of a typology of school buildings and grounds, mapping of school inter-relationships and closures, review of school board practices and policies, and precedent studies. A case study of the catchment area of one high school included historic evolution of urban form factors, mapping of the network of feeder schools, analysis of neighbourhood and schools socio-demographics, and a review of school program changes. The causes of school closures relate to a combination of city development processes, neighbourhood lifecycles, neighbourhood types, infill and densification processes, housing types, school sizes and building types, socio-demographic factors influencing school choice, and school board policies, and the consequences affect neighbourhoods and communities.
Gender Walks in the City: An Exploratory Study on Gender-Responsive Urban Planning
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Jin Jiayi; Bertolino Nadia; Huang Kexin
This research investigates gender walks as a possible method for knowledge-gathering in urban planning and design processes. It is positioned within the field of gender-sensitive design, which aims to tackle gender inequalities in cities. This project ascertains the complexity of intersectional gender-aware design and therefore looks to utilise the potential of walking – in its simplicity and effectiveness – as a responding strategy. A comparison of three existing exploratory walk practices and insights gained from these walks outlines the criteria for the initial design of our walking audit method. The potential and limitations are tested through its implementation, the analysis of the findings and the development of design responses with participants. The theoretical knowledge gained on gender-aware planning and the complexity of the issue from both urban design and sociological perspectives provide support and critique for the ongoing City Centre Transformation Programme, to optimise public spaces for women’s inclusion, safety and enjoyment.
Morphological regionalization for the urban renovation agenda in Daegu, South Korea
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Gohaud Emilien; Schuetze Thorsten
Following the maturation of Korean cities, urban renovation has become the primary concern of urban policies. Large wholesale redevelopments continue to address decay from a purely physical point of view. In contrast, new area-based urban regeneration projects propose a more delicate and holistic approach to addressing urban decline. The designation of redevelopment or regeneration project areas is not based on the presence of specific urban forms but primarily on technical and economic prospects. As a result, the urban tissue is increasingly losing its structure and coherence. To better connect urban renovation with urban form, it is necessary to identify the various urban fabrics composing large cities such as Daegu. This research executed a large-scale morphological regionalization analysis for the central Daegu city area, based on analysing and evaluating mapping results based on two mapping methods: mixed morphogenetic mapping and morphogenetic mapping. The research results unveil that the urban renovation processes in Daegu lead to the overall consolidation of large apartment complex areas. In contrast, the fine grain urban fabrics that still cover the largest share of the urbanized area are increasingly fragmented. The proposed regionalization is the base for new urban renovation strategy propositions.
The paradox of empty apartments and huge daily commuting in Ljubljana: Failures of the urban management
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Josipovič Damir
Ljubljana as the capital city of Slovenia counts among smaller European capitals. With its population around 300.000 it yet represents a myriad of urban landscapes. The break-up of Yugoslavia radically changed the city population. Suburbanisation and deurbanisation resulted in the degrading city centre where already low-income population resided. Denationalization process shook the real estate market pushing thousands of users of ‘social flats’ into rent of newly formed quasi elite which participated in privatisation of public apartments. High rents drove the residents out and allowed for rebuilding or construction of villa-blocks. These reappropriations had a massive effect primarily on the loss of one sixth of urban population by 2000 and 25,000 uninhabited homes in the city centre. It is hypothesised that the cartel networks and the administrative apparatus use the urban planning as a tool of raising prices in order to gain more affluent population. We concluded that this idea failed. Most of the population live in their own apartments, while rented premises are settled mainly by lower income population with a high share of immigrants. The ecological and economic problem of daily commuters could be solved with an active urban policy of using the huge assets of empty apartments.
Community regeneration performance assessment based on social network analysis – Taking Jialingqiao Xicun Community, Chongqing Municipality for example
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Pang Simai; Yan Bo
Restricted by the times and economic conditions, public spaces of old communities have problems, such as low utilization and uneven resource distribution. Because of these problems, resident activities and communication are limited and residents lack the sense of belonging to the community. This necessitates the establishment of activity spaces suitable for community communication through the regeneration of old communities. Activity spaces of this kind can help re-establish residents’ social connections. This paper aims at assessing the efficacy of residential area regeneration. Social network analysis is used to build the community public space network and the resident daily behavior and activity network, respectively. Meanwhile, the aforesaid two networks are comparatively analyzed from the perspective of the network structure and influence of node, and considering four parameters (density, small world density, node betweenness centrality, and structural hole) as well as its derivative indexes. Taking existing communities for a case analysis, this paper quantitatively assesses and compares the public spaces of these communities, finding that the inconsistency between the public space network and the resident activity network is attributable to elements, such as quality of space, space accessibility and node combination. On that basis, strategies for optimization of spatial design are proposed.
Morphological Investigation of the Urban Form of Qom (Iran) at the Micro-scale: Spatial Distribution of Streets and Activities
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zamani Vahid; Mohammadi Mahmoud; Ghalehnoee Mahmoud
Streets function as the interaction space for two systems of movement and activity. Street layout has influence on both distribution pattern of commercial/service (CS) activities and motorized/pedestrian traffic pattern and vice versa. Qom, a city located in central Iran with a long history of civilization, is characterised by a diverse typology of urban form and accordingly, different kinds of movement-activity patterns in the historic, middle and peripheral areas as the result of morphological, economic and social drivers. To take a step towards recognizing the patterns, this paper aims at rigorously explaining the relationship between the structural features of street layout and CS activity presence in Qom at the micro-scale, i.e. street segments, of the centralised zones through adopting a quantitative approach. After identifying ten morphologically-homogenous high-centralised superblocks – called local morphological zones (LMZs) –regarding street network centrality index of local closeness (LCNC) using Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA), thedistribution of layout/activity elements alongside the street segments (weighted by LCNC) are investigated using Lorenz curve.Then, the distribution density datasets of layout/activity elements are modelled using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) andanalysed by raster comparison techniques. The findings show that the linear distribution of the CS activities alongside the streetnetwork shows more relationship with LCNC rather than the street nodes. Concerning the areal distribution, the highest spatialcorrelation is found between the street nodes, i.e. three-ways and dead-ends and street segments (weighted by LCNC);furthermore, regarding street pattern, a typical historic fabric of Qom is a high-centralised area characterised by high proportionof three-ways and dead-ends, but, by low proportion of four-ways. The results are applicable in achieving the goals ofcommunity planning.
Impacts of daily supply on the layout of small commercial outlets in old communities: A Case Study of Shapingba street, Chongqing, China
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Yang Li; Hu Yushan
It is of great significance to study the spatial layout of small businesses for improving the basic security of residents' lives. As the main supplier of daily necessities for residents in old communities lacking large-scale commercial construction conditions, small businesses play an important role. Based on the data collected by questionnaires and interviews, the small business layout network based on the supply-demand relationship is obtained. The structural characteristics are analysed and the small business communities are divided. According to the small business service radius, the small business community in theory is divided and the planning optimization suggestions are put forward in combination with the actual situation. The data analysis shows that the layout of small businesses is closely related to the layout of residential areas but not closely related to the layout of purchase points, which is caused by the purchase mode of small businesses. Through the analysis of coupling characteristics, the study considers that small businesses provide a large number of daily necessities in the community. It is suggested that the layout of small businesses should be considered in the planning of public facilities and targeted space optimization strategies should be taken in different communities.
Scale and composition, a strategy of redeveloping the historic area in Shanghai Old Town
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Xuanbing Yang
The old town of Shanghai is the cradle of Shanghai city and still at the centre of the grand urban pattern. Being an important historical and cultural area, together with its surrounding district formed the core of the city's economy, public activity and culture. The renewal of the old town will also be a crucial component of the establishment of Shanghai as a distinct global city which combines difficulties from all aspect of the economic sustainability and cultural feature and no longer can be avoided in the following development. Complicated and specific issues could be located in the renovation and design of the old town. And this study mainly hopes to discuss the realization of the cultural feature and the urban fabric in the process of redevelopment, focusing a certain area of the old town. The area selected was the block between Wangyun Road and middle Henan Road, in the centre of the old town, which significantly influenced the continuity of the urban fabric, as the object of the research. Through detailed mapping and field visits, we explored the variegated and spontaneous spatial characteristics of the town’s fabric and the unique local humanistic structure reflected in between. Searching for a way to achieve the integral development and cultural continuity in the context of local urban renewal. Through research, we found that in the old town of Shanghai which has the characteristics of Jiangnan water town landscape and Lilong Shikumen residence, scale and composition are important factors for understanding the spatial and humanistic structure of this area, corresponding to the richness of morphological texture and the anfractuous spatial network. On this basis, attempt to propose a method of typifying different scales and combinations, thus, achieve the goal of guiding the following practice of the local urban redevelopment.
On the Search for Transparency between Contemporary Design and the History of the Place
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Beltran-Borràs Júlia
The principal aim of this paper is to analyse the urban form, the buildings and the system of open spaces of a city in Spain, Morella, in the present, looking back to understand the meaning of things, and to show, using examples, that history, as context or precedent, over different periods of time, has always been a design tool. History allowed architects to find a balance between permanence and change in changing a place and offering users a ‘new’ place in which memories and hope can converge. To explain the transparency between architectural design and history, the city was analysed through drawings, historical paintings, ethnographic reports, and in current and ancient maps. The result is a longitudinal study of Morella that brings together: morphological configuration studies, the poetic act of design and, finally, the social use of space. The text shows how architects, as historians who read the built environment, and history, as a source material for architectural practice, make the dialogic relationship between contemporary design and the history of the place transparent.
Study on Clustering of Urban Morphology Control Units Based on Risk Theory
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Ge Xuan; Wang Guoguang; Zhang Shifu
With the increasing threat of new types of risks from global climate change, the ‘uncertainty’ emphasized by the risk theory has become the most urgent problem to be faced in modern urban planning and governance. As the main element of the basic structure of the city, the urban morphology control unit should reflect the sensitivity, vulnerability and resilience of the city to deal with new types of risks, but the analysis on this issue needs to be further improved. This study selects Guangzhou, China as the case study city, with reference mainly to the risk society theory and risk city theory derived from the former one, trying to start from the three aspects of social group attributes, renewable energy application potential and ecological water storage potential, to classify and analyse ‘risk-based’ Guangzhou urban morphology control units. The results show that the Guangzhou urban morphology control units could be clustered into two types from social group aspect and five types from clean and recycled technology aspect, thus providing targeted advices. This study helps enrich the connotation and practical value of urban morphology theory.
Revitalisation of urban infrastructural and industrial facilities for the function of urban agriculture – examples of good practice
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Kleszcz Justyna
Since the 1960s, people have been looking for new solutions to produce food directly in urban areas. The need of reducing distance between where food is grown and where it is consumed, and to intensify cultivation in order to feed rapidly growing world population, were the main reasons for the concept. This resulted, among others, in the emergence of concept of urban vertical and roof farming but also in a turn towards the historical form of allotment gardens. One of the latest global trends, initiated around 2010, is a shift towards using roof space of existing buildings with different primary functions to introduce integrated rooftop farming as open-air (RTF) or greenhouse (iRTF). Therefore, the aim of the study is to analyse good design practices focused on converting different types of industrial facilities into urban farms of the North American networks Gotham Greens and Lufa Farms. A total of 12 existing buildings were analysed. The study adopted method of literature analysis, case study concluded with comparative analysis of the detailed data collection. The following research has made it possible to identify specific features of buildings which, due to their technical parameters, are predestined to be transformed into multifunctional RTFs. Catalogue of spatial activities that these historical objects undergo in order to be arranged for an atypical both industrial and agricultural function was also compiled.
ISUF vs. HERSUS Glossary: Correlating Urban Morphology to Heritage Awareness and Sustainability of Built Environment
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Djokić Vladan; Milojević Milica P.; Milovanović Aleksandra; Djordjević Aleksandra; Pešić Mladen
This paper builds on the intellectual outputs of the project titled Enhancing of Heritage Awareness and Sustainability of Built Environment in Architectural and Urban Design Higher Education (HERSUS), coordinated by the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture as a leading higher education institution, with partner institutions from Venice, Cyprus, Thessaloniki and Seville. The focus of the paper is in mapping the index of concepts between ISUF Glossary and the glossary produced within HERSUS project, that will enable the comparison of the discourse in Heritage and Sustainability with the discourse of Morphological Research. The purpose of this paper is to see through the comparison of the terms from both glossaries and hence contribute to the discussion of terminology, specifically regarding RE-terms (reuse, resilience, reconstruction), that were initially set as guiding tracks of the HERSUS project. The conclusions related to the interlink between ISUF and HERSUS glossaries will be perceived as important input for tag matrix upgrade, future use of HERSUS Sharing platform (open repository of ideas), that could strengthen the role of morphological approaches in research and in architectural and urban design projects related to heritage awareness and sustainability of built environment.
To solve the problem of low utilization of space under viaduct by sharing strategy
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Xia Xuefei
Urban streets have undergone three major transformations in the last 350 years, corresponding to three characteristics: visual aesthetics and development, transportation infrastructure and efficiency, shared streets. Many of the city's basic elements like rivers, streets, viaducts play a crucial role in the city. The convergence of elements gives the site its uniqueness and shapes the living behaviour of its occupants. As a common urban element in the city, viaduct has a great influence on the urban spatial form. However, the space under the viaduct in China is lack of effective use and reasonable planning and difficult to pass efficiently. This paper will analyse and summarise the adaptive renewal design of the space under the viaduct based on the urban morphological characteristics, aiming at the water landscape and space idle problems of the space under the viaduct at the intersection of Siping Road and Zhongshan North Second Road in Shanghai. Based on the time-segment investigation and analysis of the space under viaduct at the intersection of Siping Road and Zhongshan North Second Road in Shanghai, various cases of space renewal under viaduct in foreign countries are specifically analysed for different problems and the activation direction and sharing strategy suitable for the characteristics of urban space in China are summarized by using typology method. The corresponding sharing strategies are concluded from the perspectives of transportation sharing, landscape sharing, activity sharing and space sharing. The sharing tendency under the influence of different urban elements will also be summarized. Based on the existing practical experience and field research, this paper summarizes the space under the viaduct under the influence of different urban elements and proposes several feasible and easy to promote teaching strategies to contribute to the shared renewal of urban street space under the viaduct.
On the relationship between urban form and amenities: A new perspective from Qom (Iran)
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Venerandi Alessandro; Zamani Vahid; Porta Sergio
Amenities are fundamental for urban life as they promote socio-economic interactions and enhance city dynamics. Previous studies investigated the relationship between metrics of street network centrality and urban amenities. However, they hardly focused on further aspects of the built environment. A further drawback is that relationships were mainly assessed through linear models even though more complex and non-linear relationships plausibly exist. In this work, we, first, comprehensively describe the urban form of our case study, the city of Qom (Iran), through a set of 55 morphometrics computed at the plot level; second, we investigate the relationship between these metrics and density of amenities, through a set of machine learning techniques that handle non-linear behaviours. The best model explains up to 45% of the variance of the density measure, with coverage ratio, plot size, floor area ratio, street canyon width, and betweenness centrality being the top five explanatory factors. While the findings of this work do not have universal value, the methodology can be replicated to explore the same research question in different contexts. It can also be used as an evidence-based tool to inform design choices in urban redevelopment affecting the location of amenities in cities.
‘Floating Island’ and ‘Veranda’: Sharing Media in Urban Shanshui
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Lu Tingying; Wang Yanchu
In contemporary high-density urban environments, waterfront views are extremely valuable. As an important section of the ‘ Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek’ strategic plan, the southern section of Yangpu Riverside in Shanghai is facing the challenges of reconstruction in terms of scale, function, landscape and vitality. This study abstracts the elements of two shared media, ‘floating island’ and ‘veranda’ from traditional gardens. The medium system of ‘floating island + veranda’ is expressed in different scales and different heights. The four elements of ‘floating island’ include bottom with blurred edges, mixed function and crowd, porous middle facade and undulating roof. The four elements of ‘veranda’ include continuous urban interface, raised ground, vertical sharing space and view corridor overlooking the landscape. These elements are embodied in the exemplary design proposal of the Yangpu Riverside Shared Apartment. In the process of combined reconstruction from micro to macro and bottom to top, we should fully consider the height change of people's viewpoints, and flexibly use the opposite scenery, obstructing scenery and expanding urban corridors, so as to seek a contemporary interpretation of traditional landscape intentions. This paper is subsidized by NSFC project which is named as ‘Research on Time and Space Elements and Expression System of ‘Sharing Architecture’, NO.51978468.
Spatial analysis and protection of traditional villages based on spatial syntax: A case study of Linlue Village of the Dong ethnic group in Sanjiang, Guangxi
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhuo Xingyu; Hu Yushan; Yang Li
After a long period of accumulation of agricultural society, traditional villages have bred unique material space and cultural connotations. As a typical representative of traditional villages, Dong villages have unique geographical location and rich material and cultural characteristics, and their spatial protection and cultural inheritance have far-reaching significance and value. Affected by the current urbanization construction, traditional villages have suffered different degrees of destruction. As a representation of the social culture of the village, the protection of the material space greatly affects the development and inheritance of the village. In this paper, spatial syntax is used to quantitatively analyse the spatial morphology of Linlue Village from the aspects of village integration, connection value, control value, and comprehensibility, and summarize the characteristics of its spatial form and the internal spatial characteristics of village buildings. It is concluded that its spatial development lacks planning and capital intervention is excessive and it is necessary to balance the contradiction between social development and physical space through systematic planning from space to management. Through the analysis of the village space, the article provides a reasonable spatial optimization plan in order to better protect the material space of the village and better inherit the traditional culture.
The impact of the Three Gorges Project and heritage protection on the form of Shibao Town, China
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2023) Chen Yishan; Yang Qiao; Wu Mingbo
With the construction of the Three Gorges Project (TGP), the water level of the Chongqing-Yichang section of the Yangtze River channel has risen, inundating historical towns in the river valley. Therefore, measures are taken to protect heritages and relocate original town dwellers, resulting in drastic changes in the form of historical towns. This paper chooses Shibao Town, located in the inundated area, as a case to reveal the impact of large-scale water conservancy facilities on the town form evolution and heritage protection. We first review the morphological evolution of Shibao town before the construction of TGP, which was shaped by special natural landscape and shipping trade. Then, we discuss the disturbance of the town form caused by TGP from two interweaving systems: the water system including rivers, riparian area, stone hills and the humanistic system including towns, street blocks, and buildings. Finally, we discuss the continuation and reconstruction of lifestyle, scenic attractions, and building types in Shibao town. In summary, large-scale water conservancy facilities could switch the development path of town form, but the inheritance of people and heritage would strike a social and cultural resonation between the inundated town and the new town.
Isochronal 3D-station realm model and Multi-data based urban renovation strategies in TOD development – a case in Heifei, China
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhu Yuan; Wang Hao
With the development of TOD in China, the TOD based urban planning is becoming one of the most important layer during the comprehensive urban design and development. To increase the value of existing urban land effectively by increasing the flow of people and integrate the scattered and inefficient land for future efficient usage, it gradually formed the strategies of transit oriented urban renewal and development. With the support of multi-dimensional data, this study takes Hefei Feixi Station as an example to introduce urban renovation strategies based on 3D-station realm layer data, Redundancy data, Accessibility data and integration data.
‘Cultural Turn’ in Old Delhi – post Metro
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Mahajan Manu
Post-liberalization, India has invested heavily in urban mass rapid transportation systems (MRTS aka Metro). Currently, metro systems are operational in 10 cities and under construction or planning in another 22. The impact of mass transportation infrastructure on the local economy is well-researched in the context of North American and European cities. Literature categorizes these impacts as micro (related to land/property values), meso (related to agglomeration of economic activities), and macro (related to overall economic growth). This paper examines the impact of the metro on Old Delhi (the historic walled city of Delhi) from a cultural economy perspective. Delhi Metro has one of the most extensive networks in the world spread across Delhi as well as neighbouring cities. Seven metro stations are located within the old city or in close vicinity. The impact of the metro on Old Delhi is unique as it is a living settlement with repositories of cultural products/spaces and work/production-based communities that have evolved and assimilated several layers of history. Analysis of responses received from traders and residents during field research, interviews, commuter surveys and spatial documentation conducted for this study point to a turn in the economy of Old Delhi, similar to many post-industrial cities. The paper argues that with improved intra-urban accessibility economic activity is undergoing a transformation from wholesale to retail and that cultural products and ‘experiences’ are getting re-invented and diversified to serve the increased volume and variety of consumers. However, fuelled by this thrust on commerce, residential properties are becoming commercial, built heritage is being lost and at places, structural changes are taking place in the morphology of the historical fabric. In conclusion, the paper discusses the milieu of contextual conditions (social, economic, and policy) that are working in conjunction with improved accessibility induced by the metro to usher in the ‘Cultural Turn’ in Old Delhi.
Balancing the Quality of Public Good within the Dynamics of Urban Form. Experiences from the redevelopment of residential areas in Bulgaria
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zlatinova-Pavlova Veneta
The escalating speed of economic and technological development since the beginning of the 21st century is evident in the transformations of urban form and tissue worldwide taking the forms of both land-take and densification. The drivers behind these processes in Bulgaria have been the dynamics of political and economic contexts and the rearrangements of the legal framework since the fall of the Iron curtain. Being one of the most significant changes in spatial planning, the reframed balance between public and private has dominated the redevelopment and restructuring of urban tissue in Bulgaria for the last three decades. This paper relates the quality of public good in residential areas to their morphological characteristics through a diachronic comparative study of the development of two generic forms of residential areas in Bulgaria – the traditional housing neighbourhoods from the first half of the 20th century and the mass housing residential areas, called complexes, from the second half. It reflects on the morphological and structural changes from the perspective of quality of living and public good and evaluates the flexibility and adaptability of the typologies. It finally outlines the key relations between national context and city management that shape the streetscapes of the neighbourhoods.