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Stały URI dla kolekcjihttp://hdl.handle.net/11652/5022

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Academic contribution to collective building of the city – An experience in the countryside of Ceará – Brazil
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Okretic Gabrielle; Mudo Eloise; Viana Franklin; Adrião Yara; Adilson Manuel; Mendes Brenda; Holanda Virginia; Farias Cicera
The appropriation of space is directly linked to the sense of belonging and identity of the place and with place. When the population participates in the planning process, the way of appropriation of the public space is differentiated and much more effective. Based on this assumption, the research group Collaborative Urbanism – UrbColab, linked to the Research Center in Architecture, City and Technology – NuPACT, aims to foster discussion about aspects of daily life that influence the collective construction of the city, more specifically in the small and medium-sized cities of Ceará (Brazil), promoting a dialogical relationship between academia, society and the public power. By working horizontally and inclusively, we make room for the demands that appear and that is in line with the group’s proposal. Among them, as a partial result, we are consolidating three work fronts that emerged as demands: technical assistance in the preparation of the Carnaubal Master Plan; creation of proposals for the revision of the Sobral Master Plan and; training cycle for the preparation of Participatory Master Plans. This article aims to show the importance of academic engagement in the discussions of the city as a way to disseminate knowledge and be able to act effectively in the construction of more dignified and inclusive cities.
An across scale comparative morphological analysis Mapping the landscape structure of Lingnan and Jiangnan
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Cai Jiaxiu; Lin Xiaoyu; Liu Hanlu; Liang Xinying; Lin Yuxin; Wang Qi
Urban landscape is a complex system. The understanding of the underlying mechanism of each subsystem and their dynamic interaction is quite crucial for human intervention regarding future development. This requires a systematic scientific approach. A cross scale analytical framework is processed which integrates the Dutch morphological school technique – reduction drawing and layer approach to systematically interpret the urban landscape. In order to exemplify the potential and the generic property of the approach, the research applies heterogeneous case study. Explorative analyses are performed on two cases in different region in China. The production landscape in Pearl River Delta and Tai Lake region are mapped on geography, landscape, settlement and architecture and public space scale respectively. Their form and formation are discussed with the maps. Comparison regarding the form of the water, pond, difference of typologies, and the scale and form of the settlements are made. Research shows the dependence and interrelation between scales. The author believes that mapping is an effective analytical and design process as well as well-presented products. The logic of the complex space and design strategies reveals itself along the process. The cross-scale mapping facilitates a comprehensive understanding of urban landscape. It is a prerequisite of design.
Adapting the Town to a Diffusing Retail Interface
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) O’Connell Derry
Retail interface has been a significant generator of urban form in the past. The very existence of the town was often justified by market frontage, manifest in the street. The street as route has a significant place in the history of urban form. In this the street was the binding element of public realm, serving the line of frontage by which the private plot interacted with the public space of the town or city. Here the buyer expected to find the seller. Even when urban plots began to collect into blocks, the block edge still formed the primary front line between sale and purchase. The retail interface is however moving to require and define a very different urban form. The user now enters the city not via the street but via the parking lot. The retail plot no longer presents to the street. Both the shopper and the shop have uncoupled from the traditional urban fabric and re-positioned their relationship on assigned ground, or more recently on computer screen, unhindered by obligations to the heritage of the street. Although the street may be recalled in the shopping mall, it no longer collects and presents the frontage of the city. The readable understanding of the city by its user has thus changed. This paper, drawing from research on European urban settlements, documents some recent metamorphosis in the relationship between retail plot and public realm. The research methodology draws on cartographic regression, planning documentation, stakeholder interviews and settlement analysis, using a sample of 66 towns in Ireland. From its findings the paper concludes that the street, together with its support structure, is under significant relegation, with potential loss of purpose.
Amsterdam’s Post-war Buildings Transformations in Bottom-up Processes. The Role of Municipal Housing Policy, Architects and Collaborative Groups of Future Residents in DIY (Klushuis) Affordable Housing Idea
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Mader Małgorzata
Due to the shortage of houses and the rise of housing market prices in Amsterdam, there is a high demand for diversification means of getting a place to live. From the municipal policy and bottom-up engagement, the idea of DIY emerged –the process of involving future residents in existing housing transformation process, which would allow for low-costapartment sale in return for self-managed renovation. The aim of the study is to investigate the process of the investments andevaluate the results in terms of the quality of architecture, socio-economic implications and goals of the sustainabledevelopment policy as well as defining the role of all actors taking part in the process. The objective is to research the examples of successful cooperation between bottom-up movements and municipal policy in order to broaden the view on options forefficient use of post-war housing heritage. The research is based on the case study of 3 DIY processes realized between 2016and 2022 in Amsterdam and it shows that a well conducted process leads to high quality apartments as well as promising socialeffects. Nevertheless its affordability can be questioned, therefore it should rather be treated as an alternative for active middle-class citizens, not as social housing solution.
An analysis of the spatial evolution and construction experience of the Ancient Fuzhou City
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Liu Shuhu; Kang Zhen; Feng Manling
To excavate construction experience of an ancient city as the main theme, on the basis of combing the planning essential, this study reveals the planning experience and its humanistic connotation of the ancient Fuzhou city in the aspects of choosing site, establishing axis, function and artistic conception through its space evolution, in order to provide a new path for the contemporary urban planning. The results show that, the ancient Fuzhou city has realized the double governance of space and society, and contributed to the city pattern of ‘mountain-water-city’ integration and the spatial place cohering spirits through a large-scale spatial axis, function pattern of ‘three circle layers’, landscape construction showing mountain and water,= and spatial system full of humanistic connotation. Contemporary planners should absorb the significance from the traditional planning, thereby fostering the connection between ancient and modern urban planning and realizing the inheritance and promotion of traditional wisdom.
Balancing the Quality of Public Good within the Dynamics of Urban Form. Experiences from the redevelopment of residential areas in Bulgaria
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zlatinova-Pavlova Veneta
The escalating speed of economic and technological development since the beginning of the 21st century is evident in the transformations of urban form and tissue worldwide taking the forms of both land-take and densification. The drivers behind these processes in Bulgaria have been the dynamics of political and economic contexts and the rearrangements of the legal framework since the fall of the Iron curtain. Being one of the most significant changes in spatial planning, the reframed balance between public and private has dominated the redevelopment and restructuring of urban tissue in Bulgaria for the last three decades. This paper relates the quality of public good in residential areas to their morphological characteristics through a diachronic comparative study of the development of two generic forms of residential areas in Bulgaria – the traditional housing neighbourhoods from the first half of the 20th century and the mass housing residential areas, called complexes, from the second half. It reflects on the morphological and structural changes from the perspective of quality of living and public good and evaluates the flexibility and adaptability of the typologies. It finally outlines the key relations between national context and city management that shape the streetscapes of the neighbourhoods.
Bon Pastor (Barcelona) A neighbourhood with a future? What future?
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Remesar Antoni; Vergel Javier
Bon Pastor is a neighbourhood located north of Barcelona that since the beginning 2000s, has undergone an important process of urban and social transformation. They wedged the neighbourhood between several industrial estates, with large plots awaiting transformation processes. One of them was La Maquinista which transformed the industrial site into a shopping centre and a residential complex with nearly 2,000 inhabitants, now to be expanded with the construction of 500 more homes. Right now, the turn has come for the Mercedes-Benz site, where it is intended to build 1,450 homes and introduce industrial 4.0 activities. Both operations mean an increase of up to 5,000 people, breaking the population balance between the ‘old Bon Pastor’ (a neighbourhood with origins in the 1920s) and the ‘New Bon Pastor’ labelled as ‘A new district of Barcelona’ by the press. In parallel, the 'old Bon Pastor' suffered a residential transformation promoted by the neighbours with a substitution of a group of social houses built in 1929 for new sustainable housing. New residents suppose a rupture in the economic and social structure of the neighbourhood given the difference in income already existing today, which places the old neighbourhood in a zone of vulnerability.
The Causes and Consequences of School Closures in Inner-City Calgary
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Sandalack A. Beverly
During the early decades of the 2000s, eleven schools closed in Calgary’s established neighbourhoods, due to declining enrolment or outdated infrastructure. The loss of a school is often devastating to a community and can lead to further population decline. A research project was commissioned by the government to investigate the causes and consequences of school closures and to make recommendations, particularly related to urban form, to address the issues. Analysis of the 500 sq km study area included historic evolution of urban form, schools mapping and data analysis, development of a typology of school buildings and grounds, mapping of school inter-relationships and closures, review of school board practices and policies, and precedent studies. A case study of the catchment area of one high school included historic evolution of urban form factors, mapping of the network of feeder schools, analysis of neighbourhood and schools socio-demographics, and a review of school program changes. The causes of school closures relate to a combination of city development processes, neighbourhood lifecycles, neighbourhood types, infill and densification processes, housing types, school sizes and building types, socio-demographic factors influencing school choice, and school board policies, and the consequences affect neighbourhoods and communities.
Change in Urban form along streets in Historic cities with Religious cores
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Gopal Arathy; Mathur Mayank; Singh Mandeep
The study objective was to understand the change in urban form along streets in historic cities with religious cores. Two cities – Temple city of India (Thanjavur) and a Cathedral city of Norway (Trondheim) – were studied. In Thanjavur, data collection involved photographs of existing buildings and historic data derived from a questionnaire survey of residents. In Trondheim, data collection involved photographs of existing buildings and historic data derived from archival sources. The findings show the nature of changes along streets, the possible causal change agents, and the differences in the two contexts. In Thanjavur, the religiousness of the core was found to bring about an increase in specific types of buildings. However, the change was less triggered by religious reasons in the case of Trondheim. Though both cities are historic cities with religious cores, the change was found to be driven by different factors. The difference can be attributed to ‘religious faith’ in Thanjavur and the absence of it in the secular conditions of Trondheim. The findings could add to the theory by introducing a socially placed ‘sacred’ phenomenon causing changes in urban form in Temple cities of Asia as opposed to Cathedral cities of Europe.
Changes in the landscape pattern of the north bank of Xiyuan based on drawing archives (1669–1980)
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Zhang Nan
The gardens of Beijing's Xiyuan have received widespread attention since the 1930s during the period of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture. Based on five drawings from 1669, 1750, 1759, 1874 and 1936, combined with the latest laser scanning point cloud model, this paper compiles and compares the landscape relationship, architectural layout and dimensions of individual buildings of the group over time. While sorting out the changes of the north bank of the Xiyuan, analysed the different garden design concept and pointed out that the precious value about the Xiyuan case is that each new construction and reconstruction is based on a large scale urban pattern and a small scale architectural modulus relationship, with a very clear design concept. At the same time, through the comparison of drawing methods and expressions of different periods, and discuss the functions and meanings of drawings for the recording and presentation of landscape architecture in different technical contexts. At the level of Architecture Survey, promote the elaborate documentation of this important group of historical gardens and at the methodological level, by combining pictorial and historical documentary analysis increase the inter-evidence relationship between the three types of research materials: physical, textual and pictorial.
Chinese Economic Transition and the Evolution of Liuhua Clothing Wholesale District in Guangzhou, China
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Guo Fangjie
Communist country China’s post-1978 radical economic transition led to extraordinary morphological and functional changes in urban space. Dramatic changes resulting from the economic transition from centralized administrative allocation to the commercialization of land, suddenly endow space with distinct capital values; accordingly, spaces are linked to different functions. The Liuhua Clothing Wholesale District in Guangzhou offers the researcher an opportunity for the re-examination of morphological changes in accordance with these dramatic urban renewal processes under economic transition. It is the Liuhua District’s position on the south of the large transportation hub Guangzhou Railway Station that started the rapid growth of a brand-new clothing wholesale district. The deficiency of urban planning (Yeh 2004) created the local conditions for the development of an re-articulated, efficiently integrated, organic commercial district. This research aims to unravel the impact of economic and functional changes related to Liuhua District’s urban renewal processes with Actor-network-theory. For research design, grounded theory makes it possible to build up arguments on research data. Research data are obtained through methods including archive research, semi-structured interview and mapping. Archives including policies and historical maps enable the investigation of the Liuhua District’s evolving processes and morphological changes. Semi-structured interview is adopted to collect information about experience and memories on economic and functional changes; the interviews were conducted with 40 people of distinct professions in Liuhua District. Mapping is adopted for recording and representing spatial changes. For data analysis, graphic and nongraphic materials are coded to draw themes. This research will contribute to a critical understanding on how economic and functional changes impact urban renewal processes in Chinese context.
The city of entertainment as an experimentation field for improving the daily public space
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Trabattoni Luca; Capotorto Margherita
The article aims to demonstrate the value of reflection on campsite as urban laboratories. The development of the open-air tourism market has modified these settlement systems, diverting them towards integrated systems of natural and built elements. Although living on holiday represents a particular form of living, the temporality of the experience does not reduce its study value. It amplifies the market needs of citizens' desires and represents a focal case study. The accommodation facilities in the open air represent an experimental application of living in nature. The settlement system concluded in a space defined by dimensions and rules, allows a virtuous design of the open space to improve the settlement by the relationship man/nature. The aggregative space acquires a predominant value, as the basis of the anthropic landscape characterizing the accommodation itself. The reflections on the reality of outdoor tourism can be immediatly applied in a seemingly distant field: refugee camps and temporary cities. These share with the campsite the elements that make up the general structure of the settlements, renouncing the construction of the context in favour of the pragmatic nature of the intervention. The construction of the vacuum of campsite can represent an improvement revision also of emergencies.
Climate (In-) Justice in German Cities? Assessing the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Affordability of Housing
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Klopfer Florian
Two megatrends cumulate and interact in urban areas: global warming and urbanization. Their combination leads to growing numbers of urbanites affected by negative health impacts. Considering US cities, strong correlations between social indicators like income or race and areas featuring pronounced urban heat island intensities (UHII) are detected. This paper’s objective is to research whether correlations also exist in German cities. The chosen approach relates the affordability of housing (apartment rent as proxy) and land surface temperature (LST) in the seven largest German cities. Results yield no significant correlations between rent levels and LST. Thus, based on the methodology applied and the data used, there is no proof of climate injustice regarding heat hazard and the exposure of different socio-economic groups. One reason might lie in typical German urban morphological structures, e.g., perimeter block development and large housing estates. While high densities, centrality, and fewer urban green characterize the former typology, it is often found in sought-after residential areas and thus relatively hot and costly. The latter consists of large, sparsely distributed structures with vegetation patches in-between, making the surroundings cooler while apartments are often cheaper. The results obtained provide valuable information for planners, real estate development and social politics.
Cognizing Chinese Historic Urban Space by Integrating Morphology and Narrativity. Taking the Mendong Area in Nanjing as an Example
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Liu Yiran; Pezzetti Laura Anna; Zhao Chen
Considering the rising theoretical trend in cultural heritage preservation has been turning towards also focusing on the intangible dimension, the discussion in the Chinese context could contribute to this issue in that ancient Chinese culture emphasises less tangibility, which results in the impermanence of physical object in architecture. Therefore, a crucial issue in the conservation of the historic city would be how to cognize historic urban space in the condition of physical absence. The Puyu Tang plot in the Mendong Area in Nanjing could be an example to illustrate this issue because the Jiangning Puyu Tang, as the absence in this plot, existed in the late Qing Dynasty then vanished and the buildings of Nanjing Yarn-dyed Fabric Mill in the 1980s was established in the plot as the industrial heritage instead. This paper tries to explore the morphological evolution of the Puyu Tang plot and unfolds the investigation of the cognition of the historical urban space by integrating morphology and narrativity.
The collective construction of planning in small cities– the experience of technical assistance in the construction of the Master Plan for Carnauba
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Okretic Gabrielle; Mudo Eloise; Viana Franklin; Adilson Manuel; Adrião Yara; Mendes Brenda; Holanda Virginia; Cicera Farias
The main instrument of municipal urban planning in Brazil is the Master Plans. They provide the guidelines for the city’s urban growth. Every municipality with more than 20 thousand inhabitants, with public interest, touristic and environmental potential or with environmentally degraded areas must have a PD1, which, by law, must be elaborated in a participatory way involving all segments of the population through public hearings and community meetings. One important critical and transforming agent of urban space is the University, fulfilling its social role as a producer of knowledge. This article presents partial results of studies carried out in a city in the interior of Ceará, called Carnaubal, with a population estimated at 17,763 inhabitants and located 345.8 km from the state’s capital, Fortaleza. Carnaubal is located in the administrative region of Ibiapaba and, although it does not require the elaboration of a Master Plan, it is extremely important to structure the growth of these small towns in the interior of the country from now on, in order to minimize the harmful effects of their disorderly growth on the environment. In addition, the instruments present in the Master Plan enable the optimization of public investment both in terms of urban design and in the urban economy and distribution of public services. The proposal for technical assistance in the elaboration of Carnaubal’s Master Plan arose at the request of a former student and counselor who showed interest and concern with the planning of her city. From this initiative, the research group ‘Urbanismo Colaborativo – UrbColab’, affiliated with the research center ‘Núcleo de Pesquisa em Arquitetura, Cidade e Tecnologia – NuPACT’/CNPq2, began this experience involving students of Architecture and Urbanism, teachers, professionals and the population, using various methods, drone assistance, Qgis3, and fieldwork.
Combined Accessibility Index for Public Transport Networks The case of Donostia / San Sebastián
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Gortazar-Balerdi Ander; Markusiewicz Jacek
One of the greatest challenges of the contemporary city in the context of energy transformation is that of sustainable mobility. The issue is marked by the dichotomy between the city centre and its periphery and also by the social class conditions, and it is at the centre of the current local political agendas. The article focuses on a mobility project that the authors carried out: the bus network redesign proposal for Donostia / San Sebastián, as a result of the study of its public transport service coverage. The paper introduces the concept of CAI, Combined Accessibility Index, which we used as an indicator for different simulations during the network redesign process. It also aims to illustrate the opportunities that data analysis, visualisation, or simulation methodologies offer in the field of sustainable mobility among others.
Community regeneration performance assessment based on social network analysis – Taking Jialingqiao Xicun Community, Chongqing Municipality for example
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Pang Simai; Yan Bo
Restricted by the times and economic conditions, public spaces of old communities have problems, such as low utilization and uneven resource distribution. Because of these problems, resident activities and communication are limited and residents lack the sense of belonging to the community. This necessitates the establishment of activity spaces suitable for community communication through the regeneration of old communities. Activity spaces of this kind can help re-establish residents’ social connections. This paper aims at assessing the efficacy of residential area regeneration. Social network analysis is used to build the community public space network and the resident daily behavior and activity network, respectively. Meanwhile, the aforesaid two networks are comparatively analyzed from the perspective of the network structure and influence of node, and considering four parameters (density, small world density, node betweenness centrality, and structural hole) as well as its derivative indexes. Taking existing communities for a case analysis, this paper quantitatively assesses and compares the public spaces of these communities, finding that the inconsistency between the public space network and the resident activity network is attributable to elements, such as quality of space, space accessibility and node combination. On that basis, strategies for optimization of spatial design are proposed.
Comparative analysis of vertical green façades with movable panels from the perspective of their thermal performance and applicability in sustainable urban areas
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Şık Seyrek Cansu Iraz; Widera Barbara
The positive effects of urban green spaces on both the health of city residents and urban ecosystems cannot be denied. Green urban spaces help prevent environmental problems such as air pollution, urban heat island effect and are necessary for citizens to socialize, appreciate nature and foster a healthier society. However, with the urban tissue densification, decrease is observed in the amount of green urban areas. During the revitalization process, in order to create inclusive and sustainable cities, it is important to design alternative green public spaces. We argue that vertical green façade systems can be used as one of the most effective options for active interaction between the residents and nature. The perspective for the vertical green spaces as an important part of the holistic approach to the decarbonization and urban green transition is discussed in the light of the New European Bauhaus. The purpose of this study is to present a comparative review of vertical green façades with the perspective of their thermal performance. The authors highlight the energy saving potential of vertical green systems for different spatial, structural and bioclimatic solutions. Moreover, as a result of this review, the authors explain the parameters that designers should consider for achieving the best thermal performance of a vertical green system. The paper also analyses the pros and cons of the application of movable green panels.
A Comparative Study on the Spatial Capacity of University Campuses in Guangdong Province
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Guo Weihong; Ding Yaqian; Yang Guang; Liu Xiao
In an era of stock development, the objective is to propose strategies to adapt to the future spatial renewal and transformation of university campuses in urban areas of Guangdong to resolve the contradiction between the limited campus capacity and the annually increasing number of students. In this paper, eight universities in Guangdong are selected, and their spatial patterns and capacities are compared and analysed in terms of the theoretical concepts of urban morphology, extracting the planar layout, floor area, street space, and number of students and teachers of the eight universities, and comparing them with those of some other universities in China and with the index requirements in the relevant Chinese standards and regulations. The analysis indicates that the campuses in Guangdong have reached their maximum student and instructor population, construction density, and spatial capacity. The ensuing spatial expansion of the campus should prioritize stock development and internal spatial adjustment and optimization, with the teaching function taking precedence and a broader public service area supporting the talent cultivation program. In this manner, the concept of Guangdong-specific spatial rejuvenation of university campuses is discussed.
Comparison analysis on typical historic cultural districts with AI machine learning technology – Taking Portuguese and Macao districts as examples
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2023) Jiang Shan; Zheng Liang; Chen Yile; Zheng Jianyi
With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence has gone into every field, and its development has been further expanded with machine learning as the core technology. How does this help urban analysis and urban form research? This study aims to introduce a new method for analysing and comparing urban morphological layouts using machine learning technology and to explore the possibility and potential of combining urban morphology analysis with machine learning technology. In this exploratory study, several typical Portuguese cities with historical and cultural characteristics are used as learning samples for comparison. Through the combination of urban morphology theory and machine learning, the urban morphological samples are clipped out from the Portuguese city maps, then morphological features are extracted from the samples, establishing training labels as typical Portuguese urban fabric, lastly compared the result with the typical urban areas of Macao using the YOLOv4 object detection algorithm. Through the research, it is found that Macao in the early stage is more morphologically similar to the city of Evora due to their same privilege; after the early 20th century, influence by contemporary Portuguese engineers and urban development strategy, Macao's urban morphology shows a higher degree of similarity to that of Lisbon.