Artykuły BioTrainValue / BioTrainValue Articles
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Pozycja Pyrolysis of industrial hemp biomass from contaminated soil phytoremediation: Kinetics, modelling transport phenomena and biochar-based metal reduction(Elsevier, 2024) Voglar, Jure; Prašnikar, Anže; Moser, Konstantin; Carlon, Elisa; Schwabl, Manuel; Likozar, Blaž; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry. Voglar, Jure and Prašnikar, Anže and Likozar, Blaž.; BEST Bioenergy and Sustainable Technologies GmbH. Moser, Konstantin and Carlon, Elisa and Schwabl, Manuel.; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering (IVET). Moser, Konstantin.; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. University of Ljubljana. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Maribor. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Polymer Technology. Likozar, Blaž.Phytoremediation is the use of vegetation for the in situ treatment of contaminated environments. After plants have been used for phytoremediation of soils, their biomass can be used for example as value-added products or converted by thermochemical processes. Large-scale application of pyrolysis technology for phytoremediation biomass requires accurate predictive kinetic models and a characterization of the toxicity of the materials produced. The pyrolysis of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was investigated on a laboratory scale by varying the process conditions and accurately modelled by considering four pseudo-components with first reaction order. The average value of the coefficients of determination is 0.9980. Biomass and biochar were characterized and the main components of the gas phase were monitored. We found Cd, Pb, and Zn in the roots, although in lower amounts than in the soil. Especially the leaves and stems showed negligible traces of these elements, so that these parts can be used directly, even if the hemp was grown on the polluted soil. After pyrolysis, the concentration of pollutants in the solid fraction decreased, which could be attributed to the reduction of metal oxides (or salts) to elemental form and subsequent evaporation. This pyrolysis process has the potential to treat heavy metal-rich biomass, with gas phase purification via condensation, yielding agricultural-grade biochar, CO-rich gas and a highly concentrated heavy metal stream in absorbent material.Pozycja Wet torrefaction of biomass waste into high quality hydrochar and value-added liquid products using different zeolite catalysts(Elsevier, 2024) Kostyniuk, Andrii; Likozar, Blaž; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Kostyniuk, Andrii.; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Polymer Technology. Likozar, Blaž.; Pulp and Paper Institute. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. University of Ljubljana. Likozar, Blaž.Wet torrefaction (WT) proves to be a highly efficient pretreatment method for biomass waste, resulting in the production of hydrochar and valuable liquid products. In this study, a groundbreaking chemocatalytic approach is introduced, employing various zeolite catalysts (H-ZSM-5, H-Beta, H–Y, H-USY, and H-Mordenite) in a batch reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere. This method enables the simultaneous one-pot production of levulinic acid (LA) and/or bio-ethanol during the WT process of wood cellulose pulp residue (WCPR), ultimately yielding high-quality solid fuel. The WT process involves at 220 and 260 °C, H2O/WCPR = 10, and torrefaction time at 15, 30 and 60 min. The study identifies that at 220 °C and 15 min, as the optimal temperature and time, for bio-ethanol production, achieving a selectivity of 59.0 % with the H–Y catalyst, while the highest amount of bio-ethanol (75.6 %) was detected in presence of H-USY zeolite at 260 °C after 60 min. In addition, it was found the formation of relatively high amount of LA (62.0 %) at 220 °C after 60 min but using the H-ZSM-5 catalyst. For the WT + Mordenite sample (220 °C, 60 min), the highest carbon content of 71.5 % is achieved, resulting in the higher heating value (HHV) of 27.3 MJ/kg, an enhancement factor of 1.36, and carbon enrichment of 1.48, with the sequence of element removal during WT prioritized as DO > DH > DC and the weight loss of 68 %. Finally, the reaction mechanism was proposed to elucidate the formation of liquid products after WT of WCPR with participation of zeolite catalysts. The main pathway involving the direct conversion of cellulose into hydroxyacetone, followed by the subsequent generation of ethanol through the C–C cleavage of hydroxyacetone while LA formed via well-known route which includes cellulose hydrolysis to form glucose, conversion to 5-HMF and the subsequent transformation of 5-HMF into LA.Pozycja Wet torrefaction of biomass waste into value-added liquid product (5-HMF) and high quality solid fuel (hydrochar) in a nitrogen atmosphere(Elsevier, 2024) Kostyniuk, Andrii; Likozar, Blaž; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Kostyniuk, Andrii.; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Polymer Technology. Likozar, Blaž.; Pulp and Paper Institute. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. University of Ljubljana. Likozar, Blaž.Wet torrefaction (WT) offers distinct advantages over other pretreatment methods for producing hydrochar, making it also a promising technology for converting biomass waste into value-added platform chemicals. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the influence of reaction conditions on the WT process, evaluating its effects on the surface morphology and elemental composition of the resulting hydrochar, as well as on the formation of value-added liquid products, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). During the course of our study, we utilized wood cellulose pulp residue (WCPR) as the feedstock and subjected it to WT in a nitrogen atmosphere. This process encompassed a temperature range of 180–260 °C, H2O/WCPR ratios ranging from 10 to 25, and reaction durations spanning from 15 to 60 min. Our findings unequivocally revealed that the reaction conditions during the WT of WCPR significantly influence the properties of the resulting hydrochar and the distribution of liquid products. Elemental and proximate analyses showed that as the reaction temperature and time increased during the WT of WCPR, the hydrochar composition experienced significant changes, including an increase in carbon content and a reduction in oxygen content. At the same time, the distribution of the liquid product revealed that 220 °C was the optimal temperature for producing 5-HMF, achieving an impressive selectivity of 73.3 % without the need for a catalyst. In summary, our research has established the optimal conditions for WT of WCPR as follows: a temperature of 220 °C, a reaction time of 30 min, and an H2O/WCPR ratio of 10. Various properties of the obtained hydrochar were thoroughly assessed, including the higher heating value (HHV), decarbonization, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, enhancement factor, surface area, pore diameter, as well as solid, carbon, hydrogen, and energy yields. The highest carbon content, reaching 68.3 %, was achieved at 260 °C after 30 min of treatment, resulting in an HHV of 27,340 kJ/kg and an enhancement factor of 1.43. Finally, we have proposed a comprehensive reaction pathway to elucidate the WT of WCPR under these optimized conditions.Pozycja Wet torrefaction of biomass waste into levulinic acid and high-quality hydrochar using H-beta zeolite catalyst(Elsevier, 2024) Kostyniuk, Andrii; Likozar, Blaž; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry. Kostyniuk, Andrii and Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Polymer Technology. Likozar, Blaž.; Pulp and Paper Institute. Likozar, Blaž; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana. Likozar, Blaž.Wet torrefaction (WT) is an effective pretreatment method of biomass waste for producing high-quality hydrochar and valuable liquid products. This study delves into how acid catalysts and reaction conditions in WT impact the resulting hydrochar's surface characteristics and elemental composition, as well as the distribution of liquid products. The focus is on utilizing wood cellulose pulp residue (WCPR) as the feedstock with H-Beta zeolite catalyst in a nitrogen-rich environment. The WT process involves a temperature range of 180–260 °C, and reaction durations spanning 15–60 min. The findings reveal that WT conditions, including the catalyst for WCPR, significantly influence the hydrochar's properties and liquid product distribution. With increasing temperature and reaction time, the hydrochar experiences changes, including increased carbon content and reduced oxygen content. The study identifies 260 °C and 30 min as the optimal temperature and time for levulinic acid production, achieving a remarkable selectivity of 62.8% with the H-Beta zeolite catalyst using H2O/WCPR = 10. Various properties of the resulting hydrochar are assessed, including higher heating values (HHVs), decarbonization (DC), dehydrogenation (DH), deoxygenation (DO), enhancement factor, carbon enrichment, surface area, pore diameter, weight loss as well as solid, carbon, hydrogen, and energy yields. The WT + Beta_220 sample, processed at 220 °C for 30 min, exhibited the highest HHV at 30.3 MJ/kg and carbon content at 78.9% in hydrochar compared to various biomass types, with an enhancement factor of 1.51 and carbon enrichment of 1.63, while the sequence of element removal during WT prioritized as DO > DH > DC. Furthermore, it is worth highlighting that the most significant weight loss, increasing from 17.0 to 60.7%, was observed under the same WT conditions. Lastly, a comprehensive reaction pathway is proposed to elucidate the WT of WCPR with the presence of H-Beta zeolite catalyst under these optimized conditions.Pozycja Catalytic wet torrefaction of biomass waste into bio-ethanol, levulinic acid, and high quality solid fuel(Elsevier, 2024) Kostyniuk, Andrii; Likozar, Blaž; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Kostyniuk, Andrii and Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Polymer Technology. Likozar, Blaž.; Pulp and Paper Institute. Likozar, Blaž.; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. University of Ljubljana. Likozar, Blaž.Creating a sustainable society hinges on efficient chemical and fuel production from renewable cellulosic biomass, necessitating the development of innovative transformation routes from cellulose. In this investigation, we unveil a pioneering chemocatalytic method, utilizing an H-ZSM-5 catalyst within a batch reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere, for the simultaneous one-pot generation of levulinic acid (LA) and/or ethanol during wet torrefaction (WT) of wood cellulose pulp residue (WCPR), yielding high-quality solid fuel. WT parameters include a temperature range of 180 to 260 °C, H2O/WCPR = 10, and reaction durations of 15 to 60 min. Optimal conditions for bio-ethanol production are identified at 180 °C and 15 min, achieving an outstanding 89.8 % selectivity with H-ZSM-5 catalyst. Notably, 69.5 % LA formation occurs at 240 °C after 60 min. Hydrochar assessments include higher heating values (HHVs), decarbonization (DC), dehydrogenation (DH), deoxygenation (DO), enhancement factor, carbon enrichment, surface area, pore diameter, weight loss, and yields of solid, carbon, hydrogen, and energy. The highest carbon content of 76.7 % is attained at 260 °C for 60 min, resulting in an HHV of 29.0 MJ/kg, an enhancement factor of 1.44, and carbon enrichment of 1.59, with a sequence of element removal as DO > DH > DC. A proposed reaction pathway elucidates WT of WCPR with the H-ZSM-5 catalyst, emphasizing the direct cellulose conversion into hydroxyacetone and subsequent ethanol generation through C–C cleavage of hydroxyacetone. Through this research approach, both ethanol and LA can be produced efficiently from renewable cellulosic biomass, offering a novel pathway to reduce dependence on fossil resources.Pozycja Regression Analysis of the Impact of Foreign Direct Investments, Adjusted Net Savings, and Environmental Tax Revenues on the Consumption of Renewable Energy Sources in EU Countries(MDPI Open Access Journals, 2024) Kukharets, Valentyna; Čingiene, Rasa ; Juočiūnienė, Dalia; Kukharets, Savelii ; Blažauskas, Egidijus ; Szufa, Szymon ; Muzychenko, Andrii ; Belei, Svitlana ; Lahodyn, Nazar ; Hutsol, Taras ; Department of Applied Economics. Finance and Accounting, Agriculture Academy. Vytautas Magnus University. Kukharets, Valentyna and Juočiūnienė, Dalia.; Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety. Agriculture Academy. Vytautas Magnus University. Čingiene, Rasa and Blažauskas, Egidijus.; Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering. Agriculture Academy. Vytautas Magnus University. Kukharets, Savelii.; Department of Agricultural Engineering. Odesa State Agrarian University. Kukharets, Savelii.; Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering. Lodz University of Technology. Szufa, Szymon.; Department of Statistics and Economic Analysis. National University of Life and Enviromental Sciences of Ukraine. Muzychenko, Andrii.; Department of Business Economics and Human Resource Management. Ukraine Yury Fedkovich Chernivtsi National University. Belei, Svitlana and Lahodyn, Nazar.; Ukrainian University in Europe—Foundation. Hutsol, Taras.; Department of Mechanics and Agroecosystems Engineering, Polissia National University. Hutsol, Taras.It is very important for EU countries to achieve energy independence. But this is actually impossible without a high level of use or consumption of renewable energy (RE) sources. Important parameters affecting the consumption of RE sources are as follows: foreign direct investments (FDI), adjusted net savings (ANS), and environmental tax revenues. In the presented work, the likely impact of the above indicators on the level of use of RE sources was estimated using a second-order regression equation. As a result, it was established that the growth of the adjusted net savings indicator and an increase in environmental tax revenues (ETR) have a positive effect on the level of use of RE sources. With significant FDI, the level of ANS does not have a very obvious effect on the growth of the level of use of RE sources. An increase in the level of ANS allows for an increase in ETR, which in turn contributes to an increase in the level of consumption of RE sources. It was also established that an increase in the level of ANS contributes to a more complete realization of the potential of FDI for the development of RE. It has been empirically established that a consistently high consumption of renewable energy sources is actually possible in the countries with a high level of adjusted net savings, high environmental tax revenues, and active attraction of foreign direct investments.Pozycja Harnessing Switchgrass for Sustainable Energy: Bioethanol Production Processes and Pretreatment Technologies(MDPI Open Access Journals, 2024) Unyay, Hilal; Perendeci, Nuriye, Altınay ; Piersa, Piotr; Szufa, Szymon; Skwarczynska-Wojsa, Agata; Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology. Unyay, Hilal and Piersa, Piotr and Szufa, Szymon.; Department of Environmental Engineering. Akdeniz University. Perendeci, Nuriye, Altınay.; Department of Water Purification and Protection. Rzeszow University of Technology. Skwarczynska-Wojsa, Agata.This paper investigates bioethanol production from switchgrass, focusing on enhancement of efficiency through various pretreatment methods and comparing two bioethanol production processes: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment processes are applied to enhance the breakdown of switchgrass’s lignocellulosic structure. Effects of pretreatments, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation on ethanol yield are discussed in detail. The comparative analysis reveals that SSF yields higher ethanol outputs within shorter times by integrating hydrolysis and fermentation into a single process. In contrast, SHF offers more control by separating these stages. The comparative analysis highlights that SSF achieves higher ethanol yields more efficiently, although it might restrict SHF’s operational flexibility. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current pretreatments, hydrolysis methods, and fermentation processes in bioethanol production from switchgrass, offering insights into their scalability, economic viability, and potential environmental benefits. The findings are expected to contribute to the ongoing discussions and developments in renewable bioenergy solutions, supporting advancing more sustainable and efficient bioethanol production techniques.Pozycja Batch rolling-bed dryer applicability for drying biomass prior to torrefaction(Elsevier, 2025) Szufa, Szymon; Unyay, Hilal; Pakowski, Zdzislaw; Piersa, Piotr; Siczek, Krzysztof; Kabaciński, Mirosław; Sobek, Szymon; Moj, Kevin; Likozar, Blaž; Kostyniuk, Andrii; Junga, Robert; Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering. Lodz University of Technology. Szymon Szufa, Hilal Unyay, Zdzislaw Pakowski, Piotr Piersa.; Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design. Lodz University of Technology. Krzysztof Siczek.; Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities. Opole University of Technology. Kabaciński, Mirosław and Junga, Robert.; Department of Heating, Ventilation, and Dust Removal Technology. Silesian University of Technology. Sobek, Szymon.; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Opole University of Technology. Moj, Kevin.; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering. National Institute of Chemistry. Likozar, Blaž and Kostyniuk, Andrii.This study investigates the suitability of a pilot-scale batch rolling-bed dryer for drying pine wood chips intended for torrefaction. The batch rolling bed dryer emerges as an ideal solution for further processes like torrefaction, offering a compact design and a wide range of operational parameters. Compared to rotary dryers, it occupies less volume, providing greater efficiency. Additionally, its adjustable drying airflow and compatibility with various biomass forms and particle sizes enhance its versatility. The volumetric evaporation rate was found 13.9 kg/m3 per hour for the total dryer volume and 78.8 kg/m3 for the bed volume. Mechanical tests demonstrate satisfactory operation, with potential for further optimization through impeller blade design improvements. The study also presents a simple model using the CDC modeling approach, successfully describing drying curves in most experiments, albeit with some limitations in temperature curve simulations. Overall, the rolling bed dryer proves to be a convenient solution for drying wood chips as a pretreatment for steam torrefaction, offering ease of operation and promising potential for application in continuous torrefaction lines.Pozycja Reduction of spruce phytotoxicity by superheated steam torrefaction and its use in stimulating the growth of ecological bio‑products: Lemna minor L(Springer Nature, 2025) Szufa, Szymon; Unyay, Hilal; Piersa, Piotr; Kędzierska‑Sar, Aleksandra; Romanowska‑Duda, Zdzislawa; Likozar, Blaz; Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering. Lodz University of Technology. Szymon Szufa, Hilal Unyay, Piotr Piersa & Aleksandra Kędzierska-Sar.; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection. University of Lodz. Zdzislawa Romanowska-Duda.; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry. Szymon Szufa & Blaz Likozar.The use of biochar in agriculture is associated with the concepts of "carbon sink" and "carbon negative," which will constitute additional income for farms in the near future and may provide them with a key role in the fight against global warming. The existing model in the Scandinavian countries is one of the first to combine biochar with carbon dioxide biosequestration. Fertilizers with excessive nutrient content, salinity issues, impurities, or irregular pH levels can induce phytotoxicity, damaging plant health and growth. Torrefied woody biomass can work as a bulking agent, carbon carrier, or as an mendment for composting materials containing high amounts of water and/or nitrogen contents. Superheated steam torrefaction as a valorization process increases the amount of pores in which minerals can be stored and the plant will grow faster and bigger by using these pores agglomerated minerals. The torrefaction process was conducted using the DynTHERM TG Rubotherm high-temperature and high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis apparatus under conditions of superheated steam flow. Various residence times (10, 20, and 40 min) and torrefaction temperatures (250, 275, and 300 °C) were explored to assess their efficacy in reducing the phytotoxicity of torrefied spruce. To confirm this assumption, a toxicity test with Lemna minor L. was carried out according to Radić et al. (2011) and extended to the determination of chlorophyll index and chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the physiological status of the plants after treatment with different doses of spruce wood biocarbon. Research indicates that biochar positively impacts soil quality and plants. Thanks to its unique properties, biochar provides nutrients, enhancing fertilization efficiency [1]. Biochar, after concentrating and adsorbing the nutrients from the wastewater, can be used as a soil amendment or fertilizer. Biochar blended with organic residues full of nutrients is more effective in improving soil properties and crop yields than the exclusive application of pure biochar or other fertilizers. Traditional chemical fertilizers have drawbacks, such as rapid nutrient leaching, severe environmental pollution, and high costs. Therefore, biochar is gaining increasing recognition worldwide.