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Abiotic Determinants of the Historical Buildings Biodeterioration in the Former Auschwitz II – Birkenau Concentration and Extermination Camp
(Lodz University of Technology. Press, 2014) Piotrowska, Małgorzata; Otlewska, Anna; Rajkowska, Katarzyna; Koziróg, Anna; Nowicka-Krawczyk, Paulina; Wolski, Grzegorz J.; Gutarowska, Beata; Kunicka-Styczyńska, Alina; Żydzik-Białek, Agnieszka
The paper presents the results of a study conducted at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświecim on the occurrence of biodeterioration. Visual assessment of the buildings revealed signs of deterioration of the buildings in the form of dampness, bulging and crumbling plaster, and wood fiber splitting. The external surfaces, and especially the concrete strips and ground immediately adjoining the buildings, were colonized by bryophytes, lichens, and algae. These organisms developed most intensively close to the ground on the northern sides of the buildings. Inside the buildings, molds and bacteria were not found to develop actively, while algae and wood-decaying fungi occurred locally. The factors conducive to biological corrosion in the studied buildings were excessive dampness of structural partitions close to the ground and a relative air humidity of above 70%, which was connected to ineffective moisture insulation. The influence of temperature was smaller, as it mostly affected the quantitative composition of the microorganisms and the qualitative composition of the algae. Also the impact of light was not very strong, but it was conducive to algae growth.
Antimicrobial Activity and Filtration Effectiveness of Nonwovens with Sanitized for Respiratory Protective Equipment
(Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 2014) Gutarowska, Beata; Skóra, Justyna; Nowak, Ewelina; Łysiak, Izabela; Wdówka, Malwina
The objective of the study was to optimise the production of bioactive filtration nonwovens with Sanitized® T 99-19, containing quaternary ammonium salts, by evaluating different production technologies (melt-blowing, needle punching), methods of biocide incorporation (bath, spraying), biocide concentration, and conditioning. The antimicrobial activity of nonwovens was tested against different microorganisms, from culture collection and workplaces, using the method AATCC 100. It was shown that the biological efficiency of nonwovens rose when the concentration of Sanitized was increased from 0.7% to 2%. Furthermore, higher biological activity was found in nonwovens subjected to a bath than in those which underwent spraying. The conditioning process did not significanty affect the antimicrobial activity of the nonwovens tested. As compared to melt-blown nonwovens, the needled variety were more efficient against both collection strains and those isolated from workplaces. Thus both types of nonwovens may be used for the production of bioactive halfmasks protecting the respiratory tract of workers exposed to microorganisms
Application of molecular techniques for the assessment of microorganism diversity on cultural heritage objects
(Polish Biochemical Society, 2014) Otlewska, Anna; Adamiak, Justyna; Gutarowska, Beata
As a result of their unpredictable ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions, microorganisms inhabit different types of biological niches on Earth. Owing to the key role of microorganisms in many biogeochemical processes, trends in modern microbiology emphasize the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities. This is particularly important if the strategy relates to microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting objects of cultural value was based only on cultivation-dependent methods. In spite of many advantages, these methods provide limited information because they identify only viable organisms capable of growth under standard laboratory conditions. However, in order to carry out proper conservation and renovation, it is necessary to know the complete composition of microbial communities and their activity. This paper presents and characterizes modern techniques such as genetic fingerprinting and clone library construction for the assessment of microbial diversity based on molecular biology. Molecular methods represent a favourable alternative to culture dependent methods and make it possible to assess the biodiversity of microorganisms inhabiting technical materials and cultural heritage objects.
Grzyby strzępkowe zasiedlające materiały budowlane. Wzrost oraz produkcja mikotoksyn i alergenów.
(Lodz University of Technology Press, 2010) Gutarowska, Beata
Grzyby strzępkowe występują powszechnie, a ich aktywny rozwój obserwuje się miedzy innymi na przegrodach budowlanych w pomieszczeniach mieszkalnych pod warunkiem odpowiednio wysokiej wilgotności. Znane są ich właściwości toksynotwórcze i alergenne ujawniane podczas wzrostu na zdefiniowanych podłożach mikrobiologicznych, jednak właściwości te podczas rozwoju grzybni na materiałach budowlanych są odmienne. W rutynowych badaniach mikologicznych pomieszczeń wyizolowane gatunki grzybów identyfikuje się i charakteryzuje pod względem toksynotwórczości i alergenności, wyłącznie na podstawie literatury.
Modyfikowane bioaktywne włókniny pneumotermiczne stosowane do ochrony układu oddechowego
(Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT, 2006) Majchrzycka, Katarzyna; Brochocka, Agnieszka; Gutarowska, Beata; Owczarek, Ewa
Prace technologiczne zmierzające do opracowania prototypu bioochrony układu oddechowego prowadzono w oparciu o technologię meltblown. Właściwości bioaktywne uzyskano w skutek zastosowania modyfikatorów czynnych biologicznie. W wyniku badań wykazano, że dodanie modyfikatorów w początkowym etapie technologicznym nie daje zadowalających efektów, ze względu na trudności w połączeniu cząstek modyfikatora i granulatu polimeru, a także negatywny wpływ temperatury płynięcia polimeru na właściwości biobójcze. Dalsze prace technologiczne związane były z opracowaniem sposobu wprowadzenia cząstek modyfikatora i roztworu bakteriobójczego w końcowej fazie formowania runa. Eksperymenty dotyczące oceny mikrobiologicznej prowadzono w warunkach zbliżonych do użytkowania sprzętu ochrony układu oddechowego, tzn. w warunkach „dynamicznego przepływu bioarozolu przez badaną włókninę filtracyjną". W tym celu zaprojektowano i wykonano stanowisko pomiarowe, a następnie ustalono procedurę prowadzenia badań.
Monitoring zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego powietrza w otoczeniu kompostowni
(Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT, 2006) Gutarowska, Beata
Praca przedstawia wyniki monitoringu zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego powietrza na terenie kompostowni oraz w jej najbliższym otoczeniu. Celem pracy było ustalenie czy istnieje wpływ kompostowni na kształtowanie bioaerozolu atmosferycznego w otaczających osiedlach mieszkaniowych. Stwierdzono oddziaływanie kompostowni na mikroflorę powietrza punktów pomiarowych położonych w jej otoczeniu, oddziaływanie to sięgało odległości 1 km. Wykazano, że kompostownia zwiększa liczbę bakterii w powietrzu sąsiednich terenów - zwłaszcza gram ( +) laseczek oraz promieniowców termofilnych. Promieniowce termofilne zostały uznane za dobry wskaźnik do oceny wpływu obiektów komunalnych na mikroflorę powietrza. Stwierdzono, iż rozprzestrzenianie się drobnoustrojów z kompostowni na najbliższe otoczenie jest zależne od: temperatury powietrza, wilgotności względnej, kierunku wiatru, ruchu ulicznego oraz obecności innych obiektów.
Ocena zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego na stanowiskach pracy w garbarniach
(Polish Society of Occupational Medicine, 2014) Skóra, Justyna; Gutarowska, Beata; Stępień, Łukasz; Otlewska, Anna; Pielech-Przybylska, Katarzyna
Background: Due to their animal material processing, tannery workers may be exposed to biological agents. The aim of the study was the microbial contamination assessment of tanneries with different production specifications. Health risk was estimated based on particle size distribution. Moreover, indicators of microbial contamination of tanneries were selected. Materials and Methods: The studies were conducted in 2 types of tanneries – processing raw hides and producing chrome-tanned leather. Air was sampled with MAS-100 Eco Air Sampler, leathers using RODAC Envirocheck® contact plates and swab method, microbial numbers were determined by a culture method. For the bioaerosols size distribution analysis, a six-stage Andersen sampler was used; identification was performed using microscopy and biochemical methods. Microbial contamination was identified by 16S RNA and ITS1/2 rDNA analysis for bacteria and fungi respectively. Results: The microbial number in the air ranged between 1.2×103 and 3.7×103 CFU/m3. While on the leather, it ranged between 7.6×101 and 5.5×105 CFU/100 cm2. Bacteria dominated in the tanneries (air: 51–92%, leathers: 60–100%). Results indicate that potential health risks arise from the fungal small bioaerosol particles presence (0.65–2.1 μm). Eleven indicator microorganisms were determined: B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, C. lubricantis, C. cladosporioides, P. commune, P. echinulatum, P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum C. parapsilosis and C. albidus. Conclusions: Microbial contamination evaluation in the tanneries showed the increased bacteria and fungi number in the air in relation to the outdoor air, which indicates an occupational inhalation risk to workers. The designated indicators of microbial contamination in the tanneries are associated with their specific and potentially pathogenic working environment.
Safety of workers exposed to harmful airborne bioaerosols – legal status and innovations
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2017) Majchrzycka, Katarzyna; Okrasa, Małgorzata; Szulc, Justyna; Gutarowska, Beata
Filtering respiratory protective equipment is commonly used for protection against bioaerosols in industrial workplaces. However, the EU legislation does not specify the requirements for its antimicrobial properties. The result is that in the market there is no equipment available that would ensure complete safety of workers exposed to inhalation of harmful bioaerosols. This is particularly important in the case of equipment intended for multiple and long-term use. The aim of this study was to develop an innovative filtering half mask for the protection of respiratory tract that would have confirmed antimicrobial properties. The half mask was tested for compliance with EN 149:2001+A1:2009, and the survival rate of microorganisms in nonwovens was determined (E. coli bacteria and A. niger moulds). The reduction in the number of E. coli bacteria was 98.69% and the reduction in the number of A. niger moulds was 67.68% after 32 h of storage under conditions simulating the conditions of use of the equipment. It was found that the biocidal activity of the half mask is sufficient to ensure a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms during its long-term use in the workplace. This in turn means that continuous disinfection of respiratory protective equipment would be maintained even without employees’ intervention, which is not possible in case of standard respiratory protective equipment.