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Analysis of pressure parameters in orthopedic footwear for people suffering from diabetic foot syndrome
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Mikołajczyk, Zbigniew; Nowak, Iwona; Kuchyts, Yvan; Mikołajczyk-Solińska, Melania
The paper examines the anthropotechnical design of orthopedic footwear for patients with diabetic foot syndrome. A 3D distance knitted fabric is used for the shoe insert. For the purpose of the research, a 7 mm thick knitted fabric with transverse elasticity of 76 kPa was designed and produced on a doublebar warp knitting machine. With the use of the FreeMed Professional strain gauge mat, the pressures exerted by the foot on a „bare” walking surface and on the surface equipped with the distance knitted fabric were measured and compared, proving that in the latter case the unit pressure on the patient's foot decreased by 25%. The obtained measurements provide a good starting point for further research on the optimization of loads on the human foot, in case of various lower limbs diseases, including anatomical changes, as well as and in relation to people who are physically overloaded due to working in standing position or being in constant motion.
Antiviral properties of flame retardant bacterial nanocellulose modified with mordenite
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Melro, Liliana; Fernandes, Rui D.V.; Peixoto, Joaquim Jorge; Pinheiro, Inés; Ribeiro, Alice; Bouça, Verónica; Dourado, Fernando; Gama, Miguel; Padrão, Jorge; Zille, Andrea
Current COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the requirement of antiviral properties in a plethora of textile applications. These include textiles used in home areas prone to fire such as kitchens, windows and electronic panel areas, but also in the automotive industry such interior textiles and hood insulation pad covers. Therefore, this work describes the characterization of a fully sustainable textile: bacterial nanocellulose, functionalized to achieve an impressive flame retardancy.
Bath exhaustion on halocromic dyes
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Martínez -González, Inés; Bou-Belda, Eva; Díaz-García, Pablo; Gisbert-Payá, Jaime; Bonet-Aracil, Marilés
Halocromic dyes change theis colour with pH. There is a problem focused on the determination of the concentration for halochromic dyes attached to a fibre. This article studies the influence of halochromism on the absorbance measurement protocol of polyamide dyeing wastewater with Rose Bengal. For this purpose, two dyes are prepared at neutral and acid pH, and their concentrations are to be determined by absorbances of exhaustion and washing wastewaters. In addition, in order to check their fastness, a washing test is carried out on dyed fabrics and on fabrics post treated with a fixer.
Development of a plasma activated multifunctional polyester fabric using zinc oxide nanoparticles and citronella oil microcapsules
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Mehravani, Behnaz; Nicolau, Talita; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Parente, Joana F.; Sousa, Vânia I.; Tavares, Carlos J.; Padrão, Jorge; Zille, Andrea
There is a high demand for the development of textiles possessing multifunctional properties for outdoor, protective and health care applications. The coating of polyester (PES) textiles with metal nanoparticles and essential oils may act in a synergistic mode to obtain materials with improved antimicrobial and UV-protection properties. However, the lack of functional groups onto PES structure makes the adhesion of particles a difficult task. In this work, PES fabric was activated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment, and functionalized with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-citronella microcapsules by dip-coating.
Halochromic properties of a 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidrazone and its application to wool
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Dantas, Daniela; Silva, Renata; Remião, Fernando; Pinto, Eugénia; Cerqueira, Fátima; Dias, Alice; Zille, Andrea
The application of stimuli-responsive molecules in textiles is an important field due to its potential in various areas of flexible sensing technology. In particular, pH plays an important role in nature, humans, and several processes. The pH of body fluids is one of the best indicators of disturbed health conditions. Thus, the development of textiles with halochromic properties has been increasingly attractive to display in real-time pH variations. Wool is one of the most important natural fibres because of its warmth and comfort. However, the dyeing process is costly and high energy-consuming. In this work, the halochromic properties under different buffers (acetate, phosphate, Britton-Robinson, artificial sweat, and artificial wound exudate) of a previously synthesized 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidrazone were studied. Moreover, the first attempt to dye a wool knitted fabric with this molecule at a low temperature was performed. The developed material showed interesting halochromic properties (colourless in acidic pH and blue colour in the alkaline pH), even using artificial body fluids.
Sustainable and multifunctional natural fiber-based electric wire sheaths for smart textiles
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Mehravani, Behnaz; Padrão, Jorge; Fernandes, Rui D.V.; Nicolau, Talita; Alves, Cátia; Ribeiro, Ana I.; Peixoto, Joaquim Jorge; Carvalho, Hélder; Zille, Andrea
Envisioning the development of sustainable products for improvement of daily life quality, a cable-like composite using natural fibers was developed to be potentially used in smart textiles. Natural fibers such as jute and hemp were used along with Bekinox®VN yarn. Bekinox®VN is a stainless steel conductive yarn often used in intelligent textiles within a wide range of applications such as antistatic, power and signal transfer, thermal conductivity or even as a heat resistant sewing yarn. Furthermore, applying a chitosan coating on the surface of the sheath will confer antibacterial properties, thus preventing the colonization and proliferation of bacteria, as well as natural fiber degradation. The chitosan coating was applied by a pad dry method. Tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical, electrical and antimicrobial properties. The results displayed that the best tensile strength was obtained for hemp fabric followed by cable composite. The antimicrobial properties were improved with the coating of chitosan and demonstrating excellent results against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Although chitosan reduces the mechanical strength of the sheath, it confers antibacterial activity, which not only will preserve the fiber in the structure but will also protect human skin against possible crosscontaminations.
The influence of polyamide fibres and knitted fabric structures on thermophysiological properties
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Arruda, Luisa M.; Moreira, Inês; Fangueiro, Raul
This study aims to analyse the influence of distinguished polyamide fibres knitted in different ways to improve the thermal physiological properties of fabrics used in clothing for bedridden patients. To this end, four distinct fibre compositions were, each one, knitted into four different structures, and this plan generated 16 samples. Structural characterization of the samples, permeability analyses, and Moisture Management tests were carried out. Was possible to conclude that some parameters such as filament dimension, fabric loop length, and how the yarns are knitted, have a direct influence on the thermal behaviour of knitted fabrics. The sample made of PA fibre 44/40 in a jersey fabric, presented the best results, due to its reduced thickness, superior loop length, and the use of a 40 multifilament.
Effect of tensile strength of lignocellulosic himalayan nettle fibers by chemical treatment
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Deepa, R.; Saravanan, K.; Kumaresan, K.; Satheeshkumar, D.
The physical and chemical properties of Himalayan nettle fibers treated with sodium hydroxide and sodium chlorite solutions have been studied in this research. Nettle fibers are naturally derived, highstrength nettle yarn for the preparation of home textiles, handicrafts, and ropes. It is a high fiber-yielding plant that grows naturally in the Himalayan areas. In this study, nettle fiber samples were soaked in 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 1% sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solutions at a 100oC temperature for 90 minutes. The untreated nettle fibers were soaked in a 4% sodium hydroxide water solution at a 100oC for 60 minutes. The nettle fiber test samples were prepared and tested as stated in the ASTM standards. The average tensile strength of alkaline nettle fibers increases by upto 60% compared with untreated fiber. The mild alkali treatment increases tensile strength, cellulose content and decrease elongation break acts to be due to fiber extraction and separation of non-cellulosic materials such as hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. Compared to untreated nettle fiber, the average young's modulus of sodium hydroxide-chlorite treated fiber was increased. Moisture sorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), single fiber tensile strength, and physical properties were used to evaluate the properties of untreated and treated nettle fibers.
Dyeing of cotton with madder using (bio)mordants: effects on fastness and UV protection properties
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Alves, Cátia; Fernandes, Marta; Rodrigues, Rui; Zille, Andrea
This work aimed at studying the dyeing of cotton fabrics with madder extract using two biomordants, quebracho tree extract (Schinopsis spp.) and laccase. Pre-treatment with quebracho increased the colour strength, washing and UV light fastness, and UV protection, while laccase only shows an increase in the UV light fastness. The application of biomordants together with the metal ones (aluminium or iron salts) led to an improved UV light fastness compared to the samples mordanted only with metal salts. Meanwhile, although the colour strength was lower than in the metal-mordanted samples, greater UV protection factors were obtained in the samples pre-treated with quebracho or laccase and iron salt.
Exploration and practice of textile and clothing training base construction
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Zhang, Li-feng; Chen, Gui-cui
In order to improve vocational education level of local economy. The textile and clothing training base under Yueda Textile Industry Institute mode was built. The basic situation and construction ideas of the base were sorted out, the construction contents of the productive practical training base were established, the main measures of the base construction were defined, and the functions of the base in the aspects of practical training topics, skill appraisal, talent cultivation and production practice were realized. Further improved the technical promotion ability of the training base to serve the teachers and students, enterprise employed and opened to the whole society. The construction of an open training base for textile and garment skills would provide talent support and technical services for the development of modern textile and garment industry.
Development of sensor design for smart kinesiotape for future sensing applications in motion capturing
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Winger, Hans; Böhnke, Philippa Ruth Christine; Kruppke, Iris; Nocke, Andreas; Cherif, Chokri
The “CENTRE FOR TACTILE INTERNET WITH HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP (CeTI)” is a Cluster of Exellence that, from an textile point of view, deals with the development and invention concerning smart devices [1]. These can be used in many fields e.g. industry 4.0, medicine and skill leaning. Currently expensive, tender and large, stationary camera systems are necessary to capture human motions for various applications. The usage of textile substrates with implemented sensory units gives high potential for body-near motion capturing. Smart textiles gain more and more interest in the field of sports [2] and health monitoring. The avoidance of personal injuries due to the incorrect execution of movements is one main target to reach with smart textiles in healthcare and sports. The aim of the contribution is the investigation of characteristics using electrically conductive (EC) yarns implemented in woven textiles as future smart textiles for close up motion capturing.
Himalayan nettle: a promising fibre on the rise
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Santiago, Ana; Pinheiro, Cláudia; Belino, Nuno
The nettle is widely known as an "unloved" plant due to its unpleasant and even painful texture when incorrectly handled. However, it has very interesting therapeutic properties and stands out for its high sustainability, from cultivation, extraction, and fibre processing to the development of a long-lasting end-product with unique characteristics. With this paper we sought to demonstrate the growing relevance of the nettle fibre for the fashion industry, mainly their spinnability properties. For this purpose, a hand spun Himalayan nettle yarn (588,24 Tex) was bought and it were studied. A woven fabric with different wool/nettle compositions was produced and their main properties analysed. Our findings proved that due to the irregularity of the acquired yarn, it is not possible to obtain scientific statements concerning the properties of nettle yarn. However, this is a work in progress, which aims for more promising results.
Seamless integration of textile-electronics in knitted fabrics for personalized health
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Hafid, Abdelakram; Gunnarsson, Emanuel; Rödby, Kristian; Seoane, Fernando
Development in the field of wearable technology is beginning to spread in society. It mainly refers to incorporated electronics devices which can be worn comfortably on the body. This paper presents an evaluation of a developed implementation of a well-known knitting technique to create textile-electronic interconnections that can be used for all kinds of electrical signals. Conductive textile wires have been produced and electrically characterised for power transmission, analogue, digital and biopotential signals. The results obtained for the different signal measurements are satisfactory and structures like the samples can be used for wearable applications. The results are encouraging for future development of a complete wearable garment with integration of only a minimum of necessary electronic components for supporting developers in research on for instance p-health application.
Feasibility of smart-textiles for vehicle-exterior: impact of disturbances
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Edel, Fabian; Lübbe, Nico
There are many challenges when using Smart-Textile controls with conductive yarn in daily activities involving vehicle exteriors. To test its general feasibility, disruptive factors like keys, rings, or skin care products as well as sensor knitting densities and -sizes need to be accounted for, in its day-to-day use. To investigate the influences of those disruptive factors and variables, multiple test series are concluded within a constructed test environment. The tests provide pre-defined distances between a finger and a Smart-Textile button, to research differences in the reactivity of the sensor. The results show that the use of the Smart-Textile with disruptive factors and changing variables can be challenging to implement due to interferences with the expected signals but can be accounted for when installed properly. Furthermore, the results provide a more advanced understanding of common influences with regards to the individual factors intensities and the following actual returned signals. Through those results, suitable configurations, and limitations for Smart-Textile sensors in vehicle exteriors can be derived.
Experimental study of the tack of flax fibers based thermoplastic composite reinforcements
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Joannes, Mathieu; Gautier, Karine; Arnold, Gilles; Wang, Peng
In this article we tested a flax fibres and polypropylene based composite reinforcement in order to determine its adherence to other surfaces around the melting temperature of polypropylene at 165°C. A rheometer with a thermal chamber is used to do a probe-tack test at a constant temperature. This test consists in three steps, the compaction of the sample between two tabs, the relaxation and the separation of the upper tab from the sample. Tackiness corresponds in the traction force measured during the separation. No tackiness was measured during our first tests although we could observe residue on tab surfaces. Further tests where the temperature is lowered beneath the solidification temperature of polypropylene during the relaxation step will be done. Preliminary results for these tests are promising.
Investigation the electrical resistance and thermal behaviour of surface mount device integrated stainless steel electronic yarn
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Simegnaw, Abdella Ahmmed; Malengier, Benny; Tadesse, Melkie Getnet; Van Langenhove, Lieva
The emergence of intelligent textiles in recent years has highlighted the importance of e-textiles (electronic textiles). Electrically conductive textiles can be found in the form of fabrics, yarns, or fibres textile structures. The electronic yarn (E-yarn) was manufacturing by incorporated tinny surface mount electronic device (SMD) into textile conductive yarn. This paper deals with the electrical resistance and thermal properties of SMD LED embedded stainless steel (SS) E-yarn. The relationship between the current voltage curve and total electrical resistance of the electronic yarn was investigated experimentally. In addition, the analytical finding shows that, as the supply voltage increase, the electrical resistance of conductive yarn significantly increased and the surface temperature of both the SS conductive yarn and E-yarn had increased. Furthermore. From the test result, it can be confirmed that, this electronic yarn was suitable to be used for resistive heating elements and use for possible application in wearable e-textiles heating and a new way of energy saving.
Simulation based development of profiled carbon rovings for concrete reinforcements
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Penzel, Paul; Seidel, Jakob; Lang, Tobias Georg; Hahn, Lars; Cherif, Chokri; Mechtcherine, Viktor
Textile reinforcements are increasingly establishing their position in the building industry due to their high tensile properties and corrosion resistance. However, in contrast to ribbed monolithic steel bars with a defined form fit effect, the bond force of conventional carbon rovings are transmitted primarily by an adhesive bond (material fit) between the textile surface and the surrounding concrete matrix. Hence, relatively large bonding lengths are needed to transmit the bond forces, which results in an inefficient material utilization. New solutions involving tetrahedral profiled rovings and braided yarns promise significant improvements in the bonding behavior of textile reinforcements by creating an additional mechanical interlock with the concrete matrix, yet maintaining the high tensile properties of the carbon fibers. In order to increase the transmittable bond force and bond stiffness of the profiled rovings through a defined roving geometry, a simulation-based development was conducted. Hereby geometry and material models were developed and tensile tests as well as pull-out tests were simulated. The results of simulation and characterization enable the optimization of the geometry parameters of the tetrahedral profiled rovings and braided yarns to achieve better bond and tensile properties.
Development of stretchable conductive hybrid yarn for wearable electronics application
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Ahmed, İbrahim Adel Khamis; Çetin, Münire Sibel; Yılmaz, Ayşe Feyza; Atalay, Aslı Tunçay; İnce, Gökhan; Atalay, Özgür
Wearable electronics and electronic textiles are becoming increasingly important as technology advances. To supply the conductivity required in wearable electronics, investigations on the integration of electronic components with textiles by adding conductivity to fabric structures, as well as the development of items generated in this manner in terms of human comfort, have grown. The base materials, i.e., yarns, should be as flexible, thin, and light as possible during the manufacturing and incorporation of electronic textile components (sensors, transmission lines, connections, etc.) into wearable products in order to tolerate the rigid structure and low elasticity of the metallic parts that provide conductivity. In traditional yarn production processes, hybrid yarn production is regularly carried out with numerous modifications. Problems arise in these manufacturing processes due to the fact that the core fiber cannot be precisely positioned in the center of the yarn, the fluctuation of yarn strength throughout the yarn, and the increase in yarn irregularity. The "Direct-Twist - 2C" twisting machine, which can manufacture hybrid-yarn without modification, was employed in this investigation. Unlike previous approaches, hybrid-yarn manufacturing with Direct-Twist aims to overcome the problems found in other ways since the core can be positioned exactly in the center of the yarn. A new hybrid-yarn was generated in this work by employing spandex in the core and silver-plated conductive yarn in the coating. Tensile and resistance measurements performed within the scope of the study demonstrate that a stretchable conductive hybrid-yarn structure with a homogeneous distribution of core and coating structures is achieved.
Flowable 2D textile structures for the production of thermoplastic 3D FRP parts with continuous fiber reinforcement between shell and rib
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Hellmann, Sven; Overberg, Matthias; Pham, Minh Quang; Häntzsche, Eric; Gereke, Thomas; Cherif, Chokri
Nature shows evolutionary fiber-reinforced solutions, e.g. a peanut shell that enables a high stiffness with extremely low component masses by using complex shell and rib arrangements. Lightweight shellshaped components made of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) are often stiffened with ribs. In this work, a new method is proposed to produce directional fiber reinforcement in the transition area from shell to rib and within the rib by a direct thermal pressing process. Numerical calculations are initially used to demonstrate the potential of this type of structure. The source material is a flowable 2D textile hybrid structure consisting of continuous glass fibers and discontinuous recycled carbon fibers. The arrangement of the fibers leads to a defined flow movement of matrix and fibers and thus the production of a 3D FRP component with continuous fibers in the shell area and staple fiber-based reinforcement in the rib area and in between.
Effect of polyester fibre shrinkage on construction characteristics of polyester/wool woven fabrics
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Monteiro, Nuno; Miguel, Rui; Manich, Albert; Silva, Manuel Santos
This work aimed to study the effect of polyester fibres with different shrinkage on the structural characteristics (warp densities, weft densities and weight per square meter) of the various blend wool and polyester fabrics, after a normal clean finish. The main conclusions to be highlighted are: polyester fibres with 11% shrinkage give rise to higher weft densities and consequently fabrics with a higher weight per square meter compared to fabrics produced with polyester fibres with 4% shrinkage. In this context, and if for technical and/or commercial reasons, there is a need to change the type of polyester fibre, it is not enough to consider only the length, diameter, crimp and tenacity of the fibre, but also its shrinkage.

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