Łódzki modernizm i inne nurty przedwojennego budownictwa. T. 1, Obiekty użyteczności publicznej
Ładowanie...
Data
2011
Autorzy
Tytuł czasopisma
ISSN czasopisma
Tytuł tomu
Wydawca
Dom Wydawniczy Księży Młyn
Abstrakt
Modernizm nie jedno ma imię. W odniesieniu do architektury światowej
jest stosowany jako określenie tendencji twórczych rozwijających się
mniej więcej w latach 1918-1950. Charakteryzował się nie tylko poszukiwaniem
prostoty, ale przede wszystkim dążeniem do funkcjonalności
i racjonalności zarówno w strukturze, jak i w stylistyce obiektu. Naczelne
hasła modernizmu opierały się na sentencjach: Form follows function,
czyli Forma podąża za funkcją; Less is more, czyli Mniej znaczy więcej oraz Ornament
jest zbrodnią.
Łódź jest miastem stosunkowo młodym. Wielkomiejskiego charakteru nabrała w erze maszyny
parowej, czyli w XIX wieku, a jej dalszy rozwój następował w okresie międzywojennym,
kiedy to urosła do rangi miasta wojewódzkiego II Rzeczypospolitej. Przestrzeń Łodzi kształtowali
ludzie wywodzący się z różnych kultur i narodowości. Wielonarodowym pochodzeniem
legitymowali się nie tylko mieszkańcy miasta, ale także inwestorzy, architekci i budowniczowie.
Nie dziwi zatem obecność elementów międzynarodowej myśli twórczej w sztuce
i w architekturze kreowanej w czasach jej burzliwego rozwoju. Na szczególną uwagę w Łodzi
zasługuje okres modernizmu międzywojennego, ze względu na nowatorstwo działających
wówczas artystów, powszechnie znanych i cenionych - Katarzyny Kobro i Władysława
Strzemińskiego . Czy kształtowana w tym okresie w Łodzi architektura może uchodzić za równie
wartościową, czy i na ile można przypisać jej cechy nurtu międzynarodowego, czy nosi
znamiona kreacji awangardowych?
Możliwość zaprezentowania Państwu niniejszego opracowania na temat Łódzkiego Modernizmu
jest dla mnie wielkim wyróżnieniem. Czynię to: z wiarą, że zasady przybliżone mi
w okresie kształcenia i pracy przez znakomitych nauczycieli sztuki kształtowania przestrzeni
sprzyjają prawidłowości skojarzeń oraz obiektywizmowi formułowanych wniosków; z nadzieją,
że przedstawione rozważania przyczynią się do wzbogacenia wiedzy o procesie kształtowania
przestrzeni miejskiej w czasach międzywojennych; a także z miłością do mojego rodzinnego
miasta, którego los nie jest mi obojętny.
By analysing and evaluating the process of spatial development of Łódź of the 2nd Republic, the aim of this paper is to prove whether the administrative promotion of the city stimulated its development, especially in a situation of partial contraction of the main factor leading to the founding of the city, that is the textile industry. The importance of this fact, as well as the accomplishments in the area of urban design and architecture should be taken into account in the current search of a concept for forming the functional-spatial structure of Łódź of the 3rd Polish Republic in which industry in reality does not exist. The beginning of the 20ies of the 20th century is the time of new non-industrial urban functions being established in Łódź. On the 15th of February 1920 the city became the capital of a larger territorial division, i.e. the voyevodeship of Łódź. The Pope Benedictus 15th on December 10th formed a Łódź diocese and a Łódź garrison was also established. The promotion of Łódź in the state, church and army administrative hierarchy required the creation of a technical infrastructure for the city and the formation of space of a public character, in the broadest sense of the concept. This phenomenon encompassed the creation of edifices for the state civil services and public institutions; buildings for the needs of-education, science, culture; buildings for the needs of hygiene services, hospitals, social care, sport and recreation, as well as religious edifices, monuments if not to mention the premises for commerce, industry and city infrastructure. In '1922 the first Social Health Care Institution was opened in Łódź and a first children's public library was established in the network of public libraries. In 1925 the city commenced the construction of a city water supply and sewage disposal system. The analysis of achievements of the process of creating public space in the Łódź of the 2nd Polish Republic in the context of an administrative promotion of the city, leads to the conclusion that together with the establishment of new administrative, church and army functions, the architectural image of the city changed to that of a large and prominent urban centre. This concerned the amount, significance and quality of space of constructed premises and edifices of a public function. The role of these changes were later confirmed by the fact that in post war years when Łódź suffered relatively small destruction from the German occupying forces, the city's public space was temporarily utilised for the functions of a capital city. At the start of the 2nd Polish Republic the often under-invested, poor and chaotically formed residential estates also required structural changes and planned development. The administrative promotion of Łódź created a need for ensuring an adequate number of flats for the new social group - the city administration staff and the growing number of city office employees. The founding of a Łódź garrison was connected with the necessity of creating a housing base for the army personnel. The building of the Łódź diocese required the construction of residential buildings for the clergy performing functions within the church hierarchy. At the same time the city implemented the requirement of compulsory education and therefore, the action of erecting new schools had to be accompanied by the construction of housing provision for teachers. The achievements of the process of spatial organization in Łódź of the 2nd Polish Republic were compared to the experience of other cities. Following this analysis, the city in Poland that was chosen as most appropriate for comparison was Katowice, whose spatial development in the interim period between the wars proceeded in similar circumstances. Katowice had also undergone the partial contraction of industry and it had also become the capital city of a voyevodeship. This study attempts to point out to what extent the administrative promotion became a stimulating factor in the process of space organization and was capable of supporting the existing primary factor of urban development, i.e. the industry.
By analysing and evaluating the process of spatial development of Łódź of the 2nd Republic, the aim of this paper is to prove whether the administrative promotion of the city stimulated its development, especially in a situation of partial contraction of the main factor leading to the founding of the city, that is the textile industry. The importance of this fact, as well as the accomplishments in the area of urban design and architecture should be taken into account in the current search of a concept for forming the functional-spatial structure of Łódź of the 3rd Polish Republic in which industry in reality does not exist. The beginning of the 20ies of the 20th century is the time of new non-industrial urban functions being established in Łódź. On the 15th of February 1920 the city became the capital of a larger territorial division, i.e. the voyevodeship of Łódź. The Pope Benedictus 15th on December 10th formed a Łódź diocese and a Łódź garrison was also established. The promotion of Łódź in the state, church and army administrative hierarchy required the creation of a technical infrastructure for the city and the formation of space of a public character, in the broadest sense of the concept. This phenomenon encompassed the creation of edifices for the state civil services and public institutions; buildings for the needs of-education, science, culture; buildings for the needs of hygiene services, hospitals, social care, sport and recreation, as well as religious edifices, monuments if not to mention the premises for commerce, industry and city infrastructure. In '1922 the first Social Health Care Institution was opened in Łódź and a first children's public library was established in the network of public libraries. In 1925 the city commenced the construction of a city water supply and sewage disposal system. The analysis of achievements of the process of creating public space in the Łódź of the 2nd Polish Republic in the context of an administrative promotion of the city, leads to the conclusion that together with the establishment of new administrative, church and army functions, the architectural image of the city changed to that of a large and prominent urban centre. This concerned the amount, significance and quality of space of constructed premises and edifices of a public function. The role of these changes were later confirmed by the fact that in post war years when Łódź suffered relatively small destruction from the German occupying forces, the city's public space was temporarily utilised for the functions of a capital city. At the start of the 2nd Polish Republic the often under-invested, poor and chaotically formed residential estates also required structural changes and planned development. The administrative promotion of Łódź created a need for ensuring an adequate number of flats for the new social group - the city administration staff and the growing number of city office employees. The founding of a Łódź garrison was connected with the necessity of creating a housing base for the army personnel. The building of the Łódź diocese required the construction of residential buildings for the clergy performing functions within the church hierarchy. At the same time the city implemented the requirement of compulsory education and therefore, the action of erecting new schools had to be accompanied by the construction of housing provision for teachers. The achievements of the process of spatial organization in Łódź of the 2nd Polish Republic were compared to the experience of other cities. Following this analysis, the city in Poland that was chosen as most appropriate for comparison was Katowice, whose spatial development in the interim period between the wars proceeded in similar circumstances. Katowice had also undergone the partial contraction of industry and it had also become the capital city of a voyevodeship. This study attempts to point out to what extent the administrative promotion became a stimulating factor in the process of space organization and was capable of supporting the existing primary factor of urban development, i.e. the industry.
Opis
Zdjęcia współczesne (o ile nie zaznaczono inaczej): Michał Koliński
W opracowaniu wykorzystano materiały dokumentacyjne znajdujące się w posiadaniu:
Archiwum Akt Nowych Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych w Warszawie,
Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Łodzi,
Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi,
Archiwum Urzędu Miasta Łodzi,
Instytutu Architektury i Urbanistyki Politechniki Łódzkiej,
Regionalnego Ośrodka Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków w Łodzi,
Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Ochrony Zabytków w Łodzi.
Wyd. 1
Słowa kluczowe
architektura użyteczności publicznej - Polska - Łódź - 20 w., modernizm (architektura) - Polska - Łódź - 1900-1945, modernizm międzywojenny w Łodzi, architektura Łodzi, Łódzki modernizm, public utility architecture - Poland - Łódź - 20 century, modernism (architecture) - Poland - Łódź - 1900-1945, interwar modernism in Łódź, Łódź architecture, modernism in Łódź
Cytowanie
Olenderek J., Łódzki modernizm i inne nurty przedwojennego budownictwa. T. 1, Obiekty użyteczności publicznej., Dom Wydawniczy Księży Młyn, Łódź 2011, ISBN 978-83-7729-087-3