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1D, 2D and 3D dosimetry – a brief overview of the DosLab group’s research work
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Sąsiadek-Andrzejczak, Elżbieta; Jaszczak, Malwina; Maras, Piotr; Dudek, Mariusz; Piotrowski, Michał; Kozicki, Marek
DosLab is a research group from the Lodz University of Technology, Poland. The research topics carried out by the DosLab group are innovative and interdisciplinary, covering the area of textile engineering, materials engineering, radiation chemistry and medical physics. This study is intended to present an overview of the group's work related to 1D, 2D and 3D dosimetry of UV and ionizing radiation.
Accelerated hydrolysis of PLA fibers at low temperature
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Tarbuk, Anita; Čorak, Ivana; Đorđević, Dragan; Draczyński, Zbigniew
The polylactide (PLA) is the most common biodegradable material. However, its biodegradation requires hydrolysis of PLA to oligomers or monomers before microbes can act. Hydrolytic degradation of PLA depends on temperature, time and relative humidity. It takes months and years until complete biodegradation. If a catalyst is introduced, i.e. alkali or alcohol, it can be done in weeks. In this article, the alkaline hydrolysis was performed at low temperatures 40-60°C without and with the addition of cationic compound as an accelerator for the purpose of saving energy and time for complete PLA degradation. It has been shown that complete degradation can be achieved in only 10 min at 40°C.
Aerogel applications in textile materials
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Karabulut, Cengiz; Başyiğit, Zeynep Ömeroğulları; Ünsal, Cem; Toprakkaya Kut, Y. Dilek
The production of materials that will provide the high-performance properties required by today's technology is important for many sectors. Apart from meeting clothing and shelter needs, there is a direct or indirect rising need for the use of advanced textile materials in many different areas. Compared to the conventional materials, aerogel materials attract attention due to their ultra-lightweight structure with superior properties such as high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, low dielectric constant, excellent sound, and heat insulation. In addition, for the functional use of aerogel materials in the industry, mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, tensile-compressive strength, shear modulus, and impact strength are also important. When the literature on aerogel since the early 1930s is examined, it is seen that the studies mostly focused on application areas and more economical production ways. Although the most established application of aerogels in textiles is to improve thermal insulation, it is seen that they are also used in water repellency, air and water permeability, acoustic insulation, prevention of electromagnetic radiation, protection against chemicals, flame retardancy and treatment of textile process wastes. In this article, besides general information about aerogel, current aerogel application examples in textile materials are also included.
Analysis of digital skills in the textile and clothing industry through e-learning
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Hertleer, Carla; Terziev, Angel; Malengier, Benny; Saeed, Hassan; Ergegovic Razic, Sanja; Dimov, Aleksandar
The importance of digital skills has drastically increased over the last decades. Also in the Textile and Clothing Industry, numerous software tools improve the efficiency of the work. To make sure that students acquire the necessary digital skills, an Erasmus+ project has been set up. The ICT-Tex project is a Knowledge Alliance aiming to improve the competences in information technology (ICT) for people working in the field of the Textile and Clothing Industry (TCI). This will be done by developing syllabuses that will be provided on an online platform, made available on the project website to all interested parties; The 12 project partners come from all over Europe and join forces by making their expertise available to the project. By the end of 2022 16 courses will be freely accessible. This paper describes the methodology used to develop the content of these courses.
Analysis of pressure parameters in orthopedic footwear for people suffering from diabetic foot syndrome
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Mikołajczyk, Zbigniew; Nowak, Iwona; Kuchyts, Yvan; Mikołajczyk-Solińska, Melania
The paper examines the anthropotechnical design of orthopedic footwear for patients with diabetic foot syndrome. A 3D distance knitted fabric is used for the shoe insert. For the purpose of the research, a 7 mm thick knitted fabric with transverse elasticity of 76 kPa was designed and produced on a doublebar warp knitting machine. With the use of the FreeMed Professional strain gauge mat, the pressures exerted by the foot on a „bare” walking surface and on the surface equipped with the distance knitted fabric were measured and compared, proving that in the latter case the unit pressure on the patient's foot decreased by 25%. The obtained measurements provide a good starting point for further research on the optimization of loads on the human foot, in case of various lower limbs diseases, including anatomical changes, as well as and in relation to people who are physically overloaded due to working in standing position or being in constant motion.
Analysis of the heat transfer property with the sandwich fabrics based on ANSYS workbench and Alambeta
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Wang, Dan; Hu, Shi; Kyosev, Yordan; Kremenakova, Dana; Militky, Jiri
As more and more attention is paid to the thermal comfort of clothing, academic research on the heat transfer properties of textile materials is becoming more and more important. In recent years, the application of simulation software to analyze the heat transfer properties of fabrics has become a research hotspot. In this paper, the ANSYS workbench simulation software is used to simulate the heat transfer property of a kind of sandwich fabric. The results obtained by establishing different models show that the application of single-layer fabric with different thermal resistances in the sandwich fabric will lead to greatly different thermal resistances of sandwich fabric; the same material has different thicknesses, and its thermal resistance will increase with the thickness; the same single-layer fabric with different combination positions will cause the thermal resistance of the sandwich fabric to change. At the same time, the software simulation values are compared with the actual measured values. It can be found that the two sets of data have the same trend, but the data of the former is significantly higher than the latter. The reason is that the model's porosity is much smaller than the actual sample.
Analysis of the local yarn elongation states during the highly dynamic stitch formation process using the example of high performance warp knitting
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Bruns, Mathis; Nocke, Andreas; Golla, Anke; Cherif, Chokri
Most textile processing methods are dominated by highly inconstant and dynamic thread demands. In terms of increasing production speeds in textile industry or the effort not to influence the fabric appearance by machine stops etc., an effective control and parameterization of the machine is indispensable. This requires precise knowledge of the actual condition of the thread during processing. The state of the warp yarn sheet depends, for example, on the current yarn tension or elongation. While the yarn tension can be easily measured with mobile yarn tension meters, the actual elongation of the yarns is more difficult to observe in the highly dynamic process. Since high-speed warp knitting is one of the most dynamic textile production processes, an observation of the actual elongation states of the yarns to be processed during warp knitting is performed using highspeed optical image acquisition and image recognition algorithms. These experiments and the results are presented in this paper.
Analysis of thermal aging effect on the tensile strength of textile materials intended for the reinforcement of conveyor belt
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Lemmi, Tsegaye Sh.; Barburski, Marcin
Woven fabrics produced from high tenacity (HT) polyester/polyamide 66 yarns are most widely used to reinforce conveyor belts in the mechanical rubber goods industry. The tensile property of the conveyor belt is primarily dependent on the property of fabrics used to reinforce the belt. During the production process of the conveyor belt, the textile-rubber reinforcement undergoes a vulcanization process at high temperature to provide compulsory physio-mechanical properties of the belt by adhering the woven fabric with a rubber. Subjecting textile materials to high temperatures for the vulcanization process has an influence on the mechanical properties of the woven fabric. The main aim of this work was to investigate the effect of thermal aging on the tensile property of HT polyester yarn and woven fabric which is intended to reinforce conveyor belt. An extensive experiment on HT polyester yarn and the woven fabric was conducted by subjecting the textile materials to various aging temperatures. Additionally, the tensile property of fabrics after the vulcanization process of the conveyor belt was conducted to fully understand the effect of vulcanization temperature on the properties of woven fabric. The experimental test results of polyester yarn, woven fabric, and fabrics removed from the conveyor belt revealed that vulcanizing of the textile reinforced conveyor belt at high temperature(220 °C) can diminish the tensile strength and increase the elongation at break of the yarn and fabric.
Anthropometry variation during resting positions adopted by bedridden and reduced mobility patients
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Barboza, Rochelne; Anacleto, Paulo; Carvalho, Miguel
Users with reduced mobility, who are bedridden or in wheelchairs for long periods, are prone to several changes in the main human body systems. Clothing as an essential item for these users, will be in direct contact with the skin, also for long periods. The adopted posture will influence the interaction with clothing, and consequently, will have an effect on the body. Understanding these body changes, namely the changes in anthropometric measurements according to the adopted posture, becomes relevant, given the impact on total comfort, especially in its ergonomic variable. The objective of this study is to identify, quantify and compare users body changes for the main resting positions adopted throughout their day, as a condition of reduced mobility, in particular in the situation of lying down, in dorsal and/or lateral decubitus, as well as the resting situation in the sitting position.
Antiviral properties of flame retardant bacterial nanocellulose modified with mordenite
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Melro, Liliana; Fernandes, Rui D.V.; Peixoto, Joaquim Jorge; Pinheiro, Inés; Ribeiro, Alice; Bouça, Verónica; Dourado, Fernando; Gama, Miguel; Padrão, Jorge; Zille, Andrea
Current COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the requirement of antiviral properties in a plethora of textile applications. These include textiles used in home areas prone to fire such as kitchens, windows and electronic panel areas, but also in the automotive industry such interior textiles and hood insulation pad covers. Therefore, this work describes the characterization of a fully sustainable textile: bacterial nanocellulose, functionalized to achieve an impressive flame retardancy.
Bacterial inhibition via carboxymethyl cellulose-containing electrospun mats loaded with nisin z peptide for potential chronic wound care
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Tavares, Tânia D.; Silva, Carla; Antunes, Joana C.; Felgueiras, Helena P.
Nisin Z is an amphipathic peptide with a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and low toxicity in humans. Here, we report the production of nanofibrous mats by co-electrospinning of the peptide with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymers for prospective wound dressing applications. The mats were studied against four of the most common bacteria found in chronic wounds. The evaluation of bacteria membrane permeability and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can expand the activity of Nisin Z against Gram-negative bacteria. PVA (10 wt%)/CMC (3 wt%) electrospinning nanofibers were successfully produced at a 70/30 % (v/v) polymer ratio. The addition of Nisin Z to the polymer solutions did not alter the properties of the fibers.
Bath exhaustion on halocromic dyes
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Martínez -González, Inés; Bou-Belda, Eva; Díaz-García, Pablo; Gisbert-Payá, Jaime; Bonet-Aracil, Marilés
Halocromic dyes change theis colour with pH. There is a problem focused on the determination of the concentration for halochromic dyes attached to a fibre. This article studies the influence of halochromism on the absorbance measurement protocol of polyamide dyeing wastewater with Rose Bengal. For this purpose, two dyes are prepared at neutral and acid pH, and their concentrations are to be determined by absorbances of exhaustion and washing wastewaters. In addition, in order to check their fastness, a washing test is carried out on dyed fabrics and on fabrics post treated with a fixer.
The cationization of cotton/polyester blend
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Čorak, Ivana; Tarbuk, Anita; Dekanić, Tihana; Brnada, Snježana; Domljan, Lucija
Cotton cellulose can be cationized with amines and quaternary ammonium compounds in alkaline medium to change fiber surface charge. Such modified cotton adsorbs anionic dyes and auxiliaries due to attractive forces between fiber and compound. Due to crystallinity of polyester fiber, its adsorption is low. Polyester is usually modified by alkaline hydrolysis with cationic compounds as accelerators. For all these reasons, in this paper, the cationization of cotton/polyester blended fabrics was performed. The change of fabric was studied through interface phenomena – zeta potential, moisture management and adsorption of anionic optical brightener. Zeta potential confirmed that the surface charge has been changed. Cationization led to better adsorption of optical brightener and higher capillarity of fabrics.
Coating functionalized with silicon carbide for cut-resistant protective glove
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Kropidłowska, Paulina; Irzmańska, Emilia; Jurczyk-Kowalska, Magdalena
Workers’ hands are at the highest risk of being affected by harmful factors in the work environment and upper limb injury is the most widespread type of workplace accident occurring during the performance of manual tasks. The protective properties of glove materials may be improved by continuous or spot coating [1–2] with polymeric materials such as poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethane, silicone, and natural or nitrile rubber [3–6]. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different size of particles added to a polymer material applied onto a textile carrier on the cut resistance of the resulting material. Knitted aramid textile samples were coated in laboratory conditions using a polymer paste that was functionalized with silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcing particles of three different size fractions. On the basis of the research it was found that the smallest size of SiC particles had the greatest effect on increasing cut resistance.
Comparative evaluation effects of thermal degradation, burning behavior, and intumescent char formation of cotton fabrics coated with alkaline and acidic casein solutions
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Faheem, Sajid; Nahid, Nazia; Wiener, Jakub; Mazari, Adnan; Baheti, Vijay; Militky, Jiri
The present research work was aimed to investigate and study the effect of coatings of different concentrations and pH of aqueous casein solutions on thermo-oxidative properties, flame retardant performance, and intumescent char formation phenomenon of cotton fabrics. The flame retardant behavior of fabric samples was found to increase with an increase in the concentration of casein solutions in both alkaline and acidic pH conditions. The casein solution of acidic pH was found to yield more char residue than the alkaline casein solution, which evinced their better thermo-oxidative properties. The SEM micrographs of char residues also revealed the formation of stronger and coherent char with the presence of intumescence. Furthermore, the phenomenon of intumescence was largely observed in the case of cotton fabric samples coated with acidic casein solution.
Comparison between local temperature distribution under clothing and on clothing
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Kim, KyoungOk; Hirao, Naoto; Takarera, Masayuki
We measured temperature distributions under a garment using a measurement garment made of a textile instrumented with multiple thermocouple temperature sensors. We also measured the surface temperature of the garment using an infrared thermography camera. Comparing these separate temperature measurements enabled measurement of the increased temperature and its distribution under the clothing when wearing a shirt, which the infrared thermography camera does not measure. The places where the temperature increased were also confirmed. The local temperature distribution under the garment was also evaluated, which is not available from the surface temperature of the thermal manikin. Therefore, it was shown that the developed measurement garment can be used to measure temperature distribution in microclimate spaces and is useful for evaluating the thermal performance of garments.
Comparison of bacterial cellulose produced from nata-de-coco and kombucha
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Wang, Ke; Ma, Qian; Zhao, Ju-Mei; Cao, Miao; Wang, Shu-Dong
In the current study, two different bacterial cellulose including nata-de-coco bacterial cellulose (NBC) and kombucha bacterial cellulose (KBC) were compared. The morphological features, functional groups and crystals were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the stability. Mechanical property and water content were evaluated by tensile strength tester and gravimetric method. Results revealed slightly loose fibril arrangement in KBC compared to NBC. The crystallinity, thermal and mechanical properties of KBC were lower than those of NBC. Water content of KBC was slightly higher than that of NBC.
Comparison of composites containing technical embroidery and woven fabric as reinforcement
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Poniecka, Agata; Barburski, Marcin; Angulo, David Ranz; Cuartero, Jesus
The following research present a comparison of the strength values of composites containing two types of reinforcements: technical embroidery and woven fabric. Both types of reinforcements were made of flax roving with a linear mass of 400 tex. The technical embroidery was made on a computerized embroidery machine ZSK, type JCZA 0109-550. The use of technical embroidery technology is in line with the idea of sustainable development by minimizing waste generated in the production of composite reinforcements. Tensile strength and tensile elongation tests were carried out. As a result of the conducted research, it was proved that the composite containing the technical embroidery as the reinforcement showed higher tensile strength in the longitudinal direction, compared to the composite containing the fabric as the reinforcement. On the other hand, the composite containing fabric as a reinforcement showed a greater elongation.
Comparison of the fineness and mechanical properties of hemp fiber conditionned in two different relative humidity environments
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Decker, Aurélie; Tritter, Adrien; Sarazin, Vivien; Harzallah, Omar; Drean, Jean-Yves
Bast fiber, like hemp, has an affinity for water [1,2]. The moisture content of hemp fiber increased with the increasing of relative humidity [1]. The relative humidity changes the fiber properties [2,3] studied by LPMT (Laboratoire de Physique et de Mécanique Textile) in Mulhouse, France. A comparison of the fiber properties measured in two different relative humidity environments (30% and 60%) was studied. The fiber was placed between two specific cardstock frameworks with glue. The fineness was determined from the diameter measured with a projection microscope. Then, the tensile test was realised with MTS® , tensile testing instrument, to determine the breaking force, strain and stress and the Young’s modulus. The hemp fiber was manually extracted from unretted stem. The cultivar used was Santhica 27 cultivated in the East of France [4] by SADEF, a plant nutrition expert. The impact of the relative humidity environment on the fiber properties was not constant. The tensile tests realised in this study were not homogeneous. Dispersion of the results could be caused by bast fiber multi-scale. The selection caused more variability of fiber properties than the relative humidity for hemp fiber.
Cut protective materials from the point of view of working environment
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej, 2022) Kropidłowska, Paulina; Irzmańska, Emilia; Andziński, Radosław
Cut resistance is defined as the ability of material to resist a blade, which may be determined by means of a variety and evaluation methods, depending on the intended use of the material and the applied cutting factor. Some of the earliest studies on cutting were conducted in the 1990s involving textile and polymeric materials. The obtained results were characterized by exponential regression indicating that blade movement (the length of the cutting path) decreases with increasing loading. Those results were reflected in the first version of the international standards specifying cut resistance testing [1–2]. Cut resistance tests given in international standards are mostly used for proving that products meet specific normative requirements, but they fail to account for the complexity of the physics of cutting and fall short in terms of evaluating advanced materials arising with the fast-paced development of materials technologies [3]. Moreover, the available literature does not contain many research on the cut resistance properties of e.g. three-dimensional hybrid textile materials taking into account the real conditions of use. As a result, it is need to develop more objective methods for evaluating cut resistance properties, therefore preliminary assumptions for the new method has been described in this paper.