One of the most important elements of heat exchangers are perforated bottoms. These are perforated plates of significant thickness, in which heating cartridge pipes are mounted. For the designers of heat exchangers, the ...

This article presents numerical simulations of laminates subjected to Compression After Impact (CAI) testing including delamination modelling. Different model of impact damages of laminate were considered. Progressive ...

The non–symmetric, general laminate exhibits different types of coupling between the extension, shearing, bending and twisting. For practical reasons, the in–plane coupled laminate is a particularly interesting. In this ...

A series of experiments was carried out to examine the effects of elastic–plastic deformation on the state of stress and the flow stress mechanism under static tension. The strain distribution determined from the fringe ...

In this work, studies of models simulating lamellar cracks were conducted. These cracks are formed in rolled sheets with non-metallic inclusions. Studies of lamellar cracks began in the 1960s, but there is still no ...

The aim of the study is to include studying the effects of the interaction of lamellar cracks and their effect on the degradation of the structure. Lamellar cracking phenomenon is most common in the construction of welded ...

In rolled sheets, non–metallic inclusions are distributed along the thickness of the sheet as narrow lines running parallel to the rolling direction. Such inclusions are the nuclei of lamellar cracks. This work presents ...

Fabrication of functionally graded materials (FGM) can be obtained by layeredmixing of two materials of different thermo-mechanical properties with different volume ratios gradually changing from layer to layer such that ...